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. 2020 Mar 3;11:24. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00024

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Copyright © 2020 Stuard, Titone and Robertson.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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IGF/insulin-IGFBP family members in the corneal epithelium. Receptors include insulin receptor A and B (INSRA and INSRB), IGF type 1 and type 2 receptors (IGF1-R and IGF-2R) and the hybrid receptors (INSRA/INSRB, IGF-1R/INSRA, and IGF1-R/INSRB). Insulin binds with higher affinity to INSRB and the hybrid receptor (IGF-1R/INSRB), predominantly activating metabolic pathways. IGF-1 and IGF-2 bind with higher affinity to IGF-1R and IGF-1R/INSRA, activating mitogenic signaling. IGF-2 also binds the scavenger receptor, IGF-2R. IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) sequesters IGF-1 and IGF-2, preventing them from binding to their cognate receptors.