Table 6.
Comparison analysis between MUO and MHO phenotypes in group A.
| MUO (n = 13) | MHO (n = 46) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 12.1 ± 2.8 | 10.7 ± 2.9 | 0.13 |
| BMI SD | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 0.02 |
| WC (cm) | 103.3 ± 13.5 | 87.4 ± 11.2 | 0.001 |
| WHtR | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.01 | 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 4.6 ± 2 | 3.1 ± 2.1 | 0.004 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 166.8 ± 33.8 | 171.6 ± 26.5 | 0.79 |
| HDL (mg/dl) | 43.9 ± 7.4 | 53.5 ± 14 | 0.002 |
| LDL (mg/dl) | 98.2 ± 33.2 | 94.8 ± 27.9 | 0.87 |
| Triglycerides(mg/dl) | 105.9 ± 46.8 | 74 ± 27.7 | 0.01 |
| GOT (U/l) | 22.5 ± 5.4 | 21 ± 5.5 | 0.49 |
| GPT (U/l) | 31 ± 23 | 21.3 ± 7.1 | 0.19 |
| PCR (mg/dl) | 0.7 ± 1.5 | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 0.85 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 124.8 ± 14.7 | 109.1 ± 10.8 | 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 73.1 ± 12.7 | 66.3 ± 9.3 | 0.12 |
| IVSD (mm) | 8.4 ± 1.3 | 7.7 ± 1.1 | 0.07 |
| PWD (mm) | 8.4 ± 1.2 | 7.6 ± 1.3 | 0.06 |
| LVEDD (mm) | 46.3 ± 5.6 | 42.7 ± 4 | 0.043 |
| LVESD (mm) | 29.3 ± 3.7 | 26.8 ± 2.8 | 0.02 |
| EF (%) | 66.5 ± 3.3 | 67.6 ± 3.8 | 0.47 |
| LVM-index | 37.1 ± 7.2 | 36.5 ± 6.4 | 0.71 |
| LA volume (ml) | 45.4 ± 11.9 | 40.5 ± 11.3 | 0.26 |
| LA strain (%) | 37.6 ± 10.9 | 40.8 ± 10.1 | 0.48 |
| E/A ratio | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 0.85 |
| E′ (cm/s) | 13.5 ± 1.9 | 15.9 ± 2.3 | 0.004 |
| E/E′ ratio | 7.2 ± 0.8 | 6.2 ± 1 | 0.004 |
| GLS (%) | −17.3 ± 2.1 | −19.1 ± 2 | 0.042 |
| EAT (mm) | 14.6 ± 1.7 | 12.6 ± 2.3 | 0.03 |
| CIMT (mm) | 5.5 ± 1.1 | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 0.01 |
| β-index | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 0.03 |
| PWV (m/s) | 4.1 ± 0.3 | 3.6 ± 0.5 | 0.002 |
| Augmentation index | 0.1 ± 15.7 | 4.1 ± 19.1 | 0.33 |
| AA diameter (mm) | 25 ± 2 | 22.3 ± 3 | 0.02 |
| AA stiffness | 3 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.3 | 0.006 |
Numerical data are expressed as mean ± SD.
MHO, metabolically healthy obesity; MUO, metabolically unhealthy childhood obesity; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; WC, waist circumference; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio; BMI SD, body mass index standard deviation; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; IVSD, interventricular septum; PWD, diastolic left ventricle posterior wall; LVEDD, end-diastolic left ventricular diameter; LVESD, end-systolic left ventricular diameter; LVM-index, left ventricle mass index; LA, left atrial; E/A ratio, early (E) and late (A) mitral peak velocities ratio; E′, early diastolic mitral annular velocities; E/E′, septal and lateral early diastolic mitral annular velocities; GLS, global longitudinal strain; CIMT, carotid intima–media thickness; PWV, pulse wave velocity; AA, ascending aorta; EAT, epicardial adipose tissue. Bold values indicate a statistically significant p-value.