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. 2020 Mar 9;8:13. doi: 10.1038/s41413-020-0089-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Schematic of the Pax/Sox-mediated extracellular matrix pathway in cartilages and IVD. Genes that have been associated with AIS are shown in bold. Pax1 expression precedes expression of the Sox trio in IVD development. The Sox trio directly activates the transcription of many ECM genes. Gpr126 and Sox9 positively regulate each other in IVD and chondrocyte cells. In the presence of Sox9, Pax1/9 may inhibit expression of aggrecan and possibly other ECM genes in a context-dependent manner