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. 2020 Feb 20;52(2):213–226. doi: 10.1038/s12276-020-0383-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — This staircase illustration depicts the fate of cells. The development process begins with pluripotency (yellow) and proceeds through the raw (blue) phase to the multifunctional (orange) and differentiated (green) phases. However, reprogramming can be induced from the differentiated stage to the primitive multipotency stage in response to extrinsic signaling, such as Yamanaka factors. Direct conversion of different cell types at various differentiation stages can be induced by forcing the overexpression of the main transcription factors of the targeted differentiation stage.