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. 2020 Feb 20;52(2):213–226. doi: 10.1038/s12276-020-0383-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — The future direction of personalized medicine is through small molecules. An ex vivo strategy can generate the desired cells through in vitro reprogramming using small molecules, and these cells are then expanded and transplanted into patients (green arrow). The in vivo strategy is to apply a small-molecule combination directly to patients via oral administration or injection (pink arrow).