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. 2020 Mar 9;10:4287. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-61257-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Schematic illustration of a low and a high reward trial in the task. After presentation of a cue, a rapid sequence of target episodes was presented rapidly during the foraging patch. (b) Computer simulation of the two signal sources in the temporal difference model investigated in the paper (see section 2.2 of the Methods for details). The figure shows time-averaged signals generated by the algorithm after training. The prediction error signal δ, in green in the figure, represents changes in expected rewards, while r is the amount of reward effectively available in the foraging patch (in red). Smoothed over time, r gives the reward rate of the foraging patch. According to the model, the green curve corresponds to the incentive motivation signal, and the red curve to reward rates/perceived opportunities.