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. 2020 Mar 9;10:4287. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-61257-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Contrast estimates high vs. low reward cue computed separately over the trials of the experiment. (b) Time course of the fit and 90% confidence intervals of the cue and foraging patch at VTA/SN location (the fitted signal of the overall model, at the net of the intercept, is given by the sum of the effects of cue and foraging patch). The time course for the average high and low reward trials are in red and blue, respectively. The signal course of the forage patch was obtained by fitting a fourth-degree polynomial on the events given by the appearance of the targets, thus revealing the course of the signal in the patch. The signal shows a tendency to rise during the patch, but is otherwise fairly uniform. Like the contrast estimates of the bottom row of Fig. 4, the time course of the fitted cue signal suggests that low reward levels were activating VTA/SN relative to fixation much like high levels, even if less intensively.