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. 2020 Mar 9;10:4284. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-57030-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Visual description of the procedure to determine bone marrow fat fraction using fat and water images generated from the IDEAL technique and custom software. First, a raw T1-weighted magnetic resonance image (A) was filtered and then used to identify the bone marrow area (yellow region in B). The identified voxels were then applied to fat (C) and water (D) images to determine bone marrow fat area and to calculate bone marrow fat fraction. Bone marrow fat volume was quantified by accounting for the number of images, image thickness and spacing between images.