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. 2020 Mar 9;10:4284. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-57030-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Visual description of the procedure to determine bone marrow fat fraction using standard T1-weighted magnetic resonance images and the ImageJ software. First, a raw image (A) was used to determine a segmentation threshold that best matched the subcutaneous fat area (green outer ring in B). The image was then binarized and bone marrow fat voxels identified at the same threshold as the subcutaneous fat area threshold were identified (C) and used to estimate bone marrow fat area. Bone marrow fat volume was quantified by accounting for the number of images, image thickness and spacing between images.