TABLE 2.

Possible end-uses of the lignocellulosic biomass obtainable from MPBCs grown on MALs and relative cell wall ideotypes to optimize biomass quality toward those applications.

Biomass application	Optimal cell wall ideotype to increase the biomass quality toward target applications	References
Combustion for heat or energy generation	High lignin/low cellulose and hemicelluloses relative contents to increase the caloric value of the biomass. Low amounts of mineral components to avoid ash formation and corrosion of combustion chambers upon burning.	van der Weijde et al., 2017c
Production of bioethanol	Lignin: low relative content, low degree of cross-linking with cellulose and hemicelluloses. Cellulose: high relative content, low degree of polymerization, low crystallinity index. Hemicelluloses: high relative content, low degree of branching with cellulose and lignin (largely achievable through a low rate of xylan substitutions).	van der Weijde et al., 2013; Torres et al., 2015b; da Costa et al., 2019
Production of textile fibers	Lignin: low relative content. Cellulose: high relative content, high crystallinity index, small microfibril angles. Hemicelluloses: low rate of xylan substitutions to decrease cross-linking with cellulose, lignin and pectins. Others: low rates of pectin methylation, low cross-linking with other structural cell wall components.	Ranalli, 2004; Salentijn et al., 2015
Biorefining into polymers/chemicals	Lignin: high relative content for production of aromatic molecules of nutraceutical, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and chemical interest, otherwise low relative content; tailor relative contents of S, G and H monolignols to the desired properties of end-products. Cellulose: high relative content for production of glucose and related functionalized derivatives; low crystallinity index. Hemicelluloses: high relative content for production of C5 (xylose, arabinose) and C6 (mannose, galactose, rhamnose) sugars and related functionalized derivatives to be used as polymer backbones or pendant groups in chemical industries; altered relative abundance of the different hemicelluloses polysaccharides based on the wishes of end-users. Others: optimal design of the cross-links between structural cell wall components and of the deposition of cell wall molecules within cell walls to obtain specific properties in target molecules and/or facilitate extraction and processing.	Isikgor and Becer, 2015; da Costa et al., 2019