TABLE 2.

Percentage composition of the essential oils produced by the cotyledons of dark-germinated or light-germinated 2-week-old rosemary seedlings and of different leaves of adult rosemary plants kept for 2 weeks under ambient light conditions (“light-grown” plants) or in complete darkness (“dark-forced”) at room temperature.

Compounds	Retention indices	Percentage ratio of the compounds (%)
		Leaves of adult plants				Cotyledons of seedlings
		Dark-forced, young (n = 4)	Dark-forced, old (n = 3)	Light-grown young (n = 3)	Light-grown, old (n = 4)	Dark-germinated (n = 3)	Light-germinated (n = 3)
α-Pinene	939	4.8 ± 0.6a	23.2 ± 3.0b	9.8 ± 2.7c	25.2 ± 2.1b	3.0 ± 0.9a	3.8 ± 0.6a
Camphene	954	3.1 ± 0.3a	4.6 ± 0.7bc	4.8 ± 0.7bc	5.1 ± 0.6b	3.0 ± 0.8a	3.7 ± 0.4ac
Sabinene	975	0.1 ± 0.0a	0.8 ± 0.2b	0.2 ± 0.1a	1.0 ± 0.2b	–	–
β-Pinene	979	4.3 ± 0.5a	1.4 ± 0.8b	6.0 ± 1.0ac	1.2 ± 0.6b	12.2 ± 2.6d	8.3 ± 0.2c
3-Octanone	984	0.1 ± 0.0a	1.4 ± 0.5b	0.1 ± 0.1a	2.1 ± 0.6b	–	–
Myrcene	991	1.0 ± 0.1a	3.6 ± 0.4b	1.5 ± 1.0a	3.7 ± 0.3b	–	–
α-Terpinene	1017	0.1 ± 0.0a	0.7 ± 0.2b	0.5 ± 0.1b	0.6 ± 0.1b	–	–
p-Cymene	1025	0.1 ± 0.0a	1.0 ± 0.2b	0.2 ± 0.1a	1.1 ± 0.3b	–	–
Limonene	1029	1.7 ± 0.2a	4.6 ± 0.3b	2.3 ± 0.5a	4.7 ± 0.3b	0.4 ± 0.2a	1.3 ± 0.1a
1,8-Cineole	1031	4.2 ± 0.1a	8.3 ± 0.8b	7.0 ± 0.6b	7.8 ± 1.0b	3.7 ± 0.2a	2.8 ± 0.2a
γ-Terpinene	1060	0.6 ± 0.1a	1.1 ± 0.4a	0.9 ± 0.2a	0.9 ± 0.4a	–	0.2 ± 0.1b
Terpinolene	1089	0.7 ± 0.1a	1.4 ± 0.4b	0.9 ± 0.1a	1.3 ± 0.5b	–	–
Linalool	1097	0.3 ± 0.4a	1.8 ± 0.2b	0.2 ± 0.1a	1.2 ± 0.3b	–	—
Chrysanthenone	1128	0.1 ± 0.0a	1.7 ± 1.2b	0.2 ± 0.1a	0.9 ± 0.4ab	–	–
Camphor	1146	4.0 ± 0.5a	7.3 ± 1.0b	5.9 ± 0.8b	6.7 ± 1.1b	2.6 ± 0.6a	3.8 ± 0.2a
Pinocamphon	1163	0.6 ± 0.1a	0.5 ± 0.4a	0.4 ± 0.2a	0.5 ± 0.2a	–	–
Borneol	1169	4.2 ± 0.9a	4.3 ± 0.4a	3.1 ± 1.6a	3.6 ± 0.7a	–	0.3 ± 0.2b
Isopinocamphon	1175	2.0 ± 0.7a	1.1 ± 0.1b	2.2 ± 0.2a	1.0 ± 0.1b	–	–
Terpinen-4-ol	1177	0.9 ± 0.1a	1.1 ± 0.1a	0.9 ± 0.2a	0.9 ± 0.1a	–	–
α-Terpineol	1189	0.6 ± 0.1a	1.5 ± 0.2b	0.7 ± 0.2a	1.3 ± 0.1b	–	–
Dihydrocarvone	1201	0.5 ± 0.1a	0.6 ± 0.1a	0.5 ± 0.1a	0.5 ± 0.1a	–	–
Verbenone	1205	1.4 ± 0.3a	8.4 ± 1.9b	2.5 ± 1.7a	8.2 ± 1.4b	–	–
Carvone	1243	0.7 ± 0.1a	1.0 ± 0.3a	0.7 ± 0.3a	0.8 ± 0.3a	–	–
Bornyl acetate	1289	26.1 ± 0.8a	2.1 ± 1.2b	14.6 ± 4.9a	2.5 ± 2.1b	43.8 ± 5.6c	37.0 ± 9.6c
Ylangene	1375	–	–	–	–	1.2 ± 1.0a	2.4 ± 0.5a
β-Caryophyllene	1409	22.1 ± 1.3a	13.3 ± 2.6b	22.3 ± 1.8a	13.1 ± 2.7b	3.2 ± 0.1c	4.3 ± 0.9c
Aristolene	1416	–	–	–	–	2.8 ± 0.9a	2.3 ± 0.5a
α-Humulene	1455	3.7 ± 0.1a	1.9 ± 0.3bc	2.7 ± 1.0ac	1.9 ± 0.3bc	0.2 ± 0.1d	1.0 ± 0.4cd
γ-Muurolene	1480	–	–	–	–	3.1 ± 1.2a	3.2 ± 2.2a
β-Muurolene	1493	–	–	–	–	1.5 ± 1.3a	2.1 ± 1.3a
δ-Cadinene	1529	–	–	–	–	8.6 ± 2.2a	11.5 ± 1.0a
Caryophyllene oxide	1583	7.0 ± 0.5a	0.8 ± 0.3b	4.2 ± 1.1c	0.7 ± 0.3b	0.7 ± 0.2b	1.4 ± 1.3b
τ-Cadinol	1640	–	–	–	–	5.7 ± 4.1a	4.5 ± 2.9a
Monoterpenes		61.8	83.2	66.2	82.5	68.7	61.3
Sesquiterpenes		32.7	16.0	29.2	15.7	27.0	32.7
Hydrocarbons		42.1	57.4	52.1	59.8	39.1	44.2
Oxigen containing compounds		52.4	41.8	43.3	38.4	56.5	49.8
Alcohols		5.9	8.7	4.9	7.0	5.7	4.9
Ketons		9.2	22.0	12.6	20.5	2.6	3.8
Peroxides		7.0	0.8	4.2	0.7	0.7	1.4
Ethers		4.2	8.3	7.0	7.8	3.7	2.8
Esters		26.1	2.1	14.6	2.5	43.8	37.0

From adult plants fully developed fifth leaves (“old”) as well as first leaf primordia (“young”) were also analyzed. In case of dark-forced plants only the leaves and shoot tips of newly formed, pale shoots were studied. The experiments were carried out in three or four independent biological replicates as indicated, and for each measurement pooled samples (0.5–1 g plant material) were used. Standard errors of the mean are indicated in the Table. Different letters in each row indicate significant difference according to 1-way-ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison test (P < 0.05).