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. 2020 Mar 3;11:181. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00181

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Copyright © 2020 Hu, He, Zhang, Wu, Chen, Lin and Shen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Interactions between genetic and non-genetic factors in OP development. The reported factors may change the balance of bone remodeling. Bone density and structural integrity are dependent on bone-remodeling mechanisms associated with the function of osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. BMC, bone mineral content; BMD, bone mineral density; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL, interleukin; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; OPG, osteoprotegerin; PTH, parathyroid hormone; RAAS, renin angiotensin aldosterone system; RANK, receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB; RANKL, receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand; TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; (+): increase or promote; (–): reduce or inhibit.