Table 1.
Effects of apelin/APJ signaling on ischemic stroke.
| Experimental model | Pathway | Effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mice in vivo (MCAO) | ↑PI3K/AKT, ↑ERK | Protection | (46, 47) |
| Rats in vivo (MCAO) | ↑ERK | Protection | (48) |
| Mice in vivo (MCAO) | ↑AMPK | Protection | (49) |
| Rats in vivo (MCAO)/OGD/R cell model neurons | ↑Gαi/Gαq-CK2, ↓eIF2-ATF4-CHOP |
Protection | (14) |
| Rats in vivo (MCAO) | ↓ERS/UPR | Protection | (13) |
| Mice in vivo (MCAO)/neonatal H/I injury rat model | ↑PI3K/AKT | Protection | (50) |
| Mice in vivo (MCAO) | ↓JNK, ↓P38MAPK | Protection | (45) |
| Rats in vivo (MCAO)/OGD/R cell model neurons | ↑VEGF–VEGFR2, ↑ERK, ↑PI3K/AKT |
Protection | (51) |
| Rats in vivo (MCAO)/PC12 cells | ↑AMPK/GSK-3β/Nrf2 | Protection | (52) |
MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion; P13K, phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; CK2, casein kinase 2; OGD/R, oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion; ATF4, activating transcription factor 4; CHOP, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein; ERS, endoplasmic reticulum stress; UPR, unfolded protein response; H/I, hypoxia/ischemia; JNK, C-Jun N-terminal kinase; P38MAPK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR, VEGF receptor; GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3 β; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2.