Table 3. Frequency table of minimally invasive surgery techniques used by spine surgeon respondents.

Type of MISST	Frequency	Percent	Valid percent	Cumulative percent
Tubular retractor system
No, I don’t use a MIS tube system	170	58.2	58.2	58.2
Yes, I use MIS tubular retractor	122	41.8	41.8	100.0
Total	292	100.0	100.0
Mini open surgery
No, I don't employ mini open approaches	131	44.9	44.9	44.9
Yes, I perform mini open MIS surgeries	161	55.1	55.1	100.0
Total	292	100.0	100.0
Endoscopic surgery
No, I am not trained in spinal endoscopy	117	40.1	40.1	40.1
Yes, spinal endoscopy is my favorite MIS technique	175	59.9	59.9	100.0
Total	292	100.0	100.0

MISST, minimally invasive spinal surgery techniques.