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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Mar 10.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Int. 2019 Jul 1;130:104909. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104909

Table 2.

Cross-Validated R2 for Different Regions

Ensemble Model Neural Network Random Forest Gradient Boosting
Region R2 RMSE Bias Slope Spatial R2 Temporal R2 R2 R2 R2
East North Central 0.924 2.106 0.344 0.981 0.915 0.925 0.917 0.921[a] 0.899
East South Central 0.894 2.214 0.533 0.964 0.897 0.891 0.888 0.891[a] 0.872
Middle Atlantic 0.893 2.512 0.420 0.978 0.870 0.900 0.887[a] 0.883 0.863
Mountain 0.769 3.337 0.891 0.911 0.769 0.764 0.765 0.769[a] 0.694
New England 0.889 2.122 0.356 0.979 0.878 0.894 0.883[a] 0.875 0.852
Pacific 0.802 4.045 0.929 0.936 0.850 0.776 0.797[a] 0.797 0.750
South Atlantic 0.895 2.117 0.441 0.974 0.907 0.890 0.888 0.893[a] 0.872
West North Central 0.862 2.326 0.408 0.966 0.875 0.854 0.856[a] 0.851 0.824
West South Central 0.850 2.246 0.717 0.942 0.788 0.857 0.841[a] 0.841 0.824
[a]

the learner outperformed other learners in that location.

Note: Region division was based on U.S. Census Bureau. New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont; Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania; East North Central: Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin; West North Central: Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, North Dakota, Minnesota, South Dakota, Missouri; South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia; East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee; West South Central: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas; Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Montana, Utah, Nevada, Wyoming; Pacific: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, Washington. Although the Pacific Region includes Alaska and Hawaii, both states were not included in our modeling.