Table 3.
Associations between Leisure Activity at Baseline and Episodic Memory at Baseline and Change in Episodic Memory from Baseline to Follow-Up
| Episodic Memory at Baseline | Change in Episodic Memory from Baseline to Follow-Up | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Free and Cued Recall | Cued Recall Intrusions | Pictures Recognition | Free and Cued Recall | Cued Recall Intrusions | Pictures Recognition | |
| β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | |
| Cognitively Stimulating Leisure Activity | ||||||
| Constant | (0.29)** | (0.09)** | (0.25)** | (0.19)** | (0.20)** | (0.26)† |
| Chronological Age | 0.24 (0.01)* | 0.12 (0.00) | 0.18 (0.01) | −0.24 (0.00) | −0.33 (0.00)* | 0.06 (0.01) |
| Mental Age | −0.36 (0.03)** | −0.36 (0.01)** | −0.41 (0.02)** | −0.13 (0.02) | −0.20 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.02) |
| Leisure | −.26 (0.04)* | −0.11 (0.01) | −0.11 (0.03) | −0.19 (0.03) | 0.14 (0.03) | 0.15 (0.03) |
| Social Leisure Activity | ||||||
| Constant | (0.29)† | (0.80)** | (0.25)** | (0.19)** | (0.20)** | (0.25)* |
| Chronological Age | 0.24 (0.01)* | 0.12 (0.00) | 0.18 (0.01) | −0.22 (0.00) | −0.30 (0.00)* | 0.04 (0. 01) |
| Mental Age | −0.41 (0.03)** | −0.36 (0.01)** | −0.47 (0.02)** | −0.15 (0.02) | −0.14 (0.02) | −0.00 (0.02) |
| Leisure | −0.19 (0.04)† | −0.19 (0.01) | 0.09 (0.03) | −0.18 (0.02) | −0.04 (0.03) | 0.31 (0.03) * |
| Physical Leisure Activity | ||||||
| Constant | (0.30)* | (0.09)** | (0.25)** | (0.19)** | (0.20)** | (0.25) |
| Chronological Age | 0.24 (0.01)* | 0.11 (0.00) | 0.19 (0.01) | −0.24 (0.00) | −0.31 (0.00)* | 0.09 (0.01) |
| Mental Age | −0.46 (0.03)** | −0.40 (0.01)** | −0.45 (0.02)** | −0.18 (0.02) | −0.15 (0.02) | 0.09 (0.02) |
| Leisure | 0.02 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.15 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.15 (0.03) |
| Overall Leisure Activity | ||||||
| Constant | (0.29)† | (0.08)** | (0.25)** | (0.19)** | (0.20)** | (0.25)* |
| Chronological Age | 0.23 (0.01)* | 0.11 (0.00) | 0.18 (0.01) | −0.24 (0.00)† | −0.32 (0.00)* | 0.06 (0.01) |
| Mental Age | −0.38 (0.03)** | −0.35 (0.01)** | −0.44 (0.02)** | −0.15 (0.02) | −0.17 (0.02) | −0.00 (0.02) |
| Leisure | −0.23 (0.04)* | −0.15 (0.01) | −0.02 (0.03) | −0.14 (0.03) | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.26 (0.03)† |
Note.
†
p<.10,
*
p < .05,
**
p< .01.
Note. Due to log transformation of all episodic memory variables, greater values at baseline indicate worse performance at baseline. Greater change from baseline to follow-up values indicate less decline in episodic memory.