Table 4.
Characteristics of the patients by the difference in PVS and PNI
| Low PVS |
P value | High PVS |
P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High PNI |
Low PNI |
High PNI |
Low PNI |
|||
| (n = 180) | (n = 120) | (n = 121) | (n = 180) | |||
| Status and vital signs | ||||||
| Age (y) | 70 (61-78) | 72 (64-79) | 0.166 | 79 (71-85) | 80 (72-84) | 0.127 |
| Gender (male, %) | 140 (77.8%) | 102 (85.0%) | 0.137 | 54 (44.6%) | 97 (53.9%) | 0.751 |
| Type (readmission, %) | 61 (33.9%) | 31 (25.8%) | 0.160 | 57 (47.1%) | 70 (38.9%) | 0.190 |
| LVEF (%) | 33 (25-47) | 36 (22-50) | 0.986 | 41 (30-57) | 42 (30-53) | 0.550 |
| LVEF ≤ 40% (yes, %) | 114 (63.3%) | 76 (63.3%) | 1.000 | 58 (47.9%) | 84 (46.7%) | 0.906 |
| NYHA (IV, %) | 146 (81.1%) | 93 (77.5%) | 0.467 | 99 (81.8%) | 130 (72.2%) | 0.073 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 172 (146-200) | 140 (108-168) | < 0.001 | 162 (139-190) | 146 (113-167) | < 0.001 |
| Pulse (beats/min) | 119 (100-138) | 100 (86-120) | < 0.001 | 108 (90-126) | 98 (81-112) | 0.002 |
| Etiology | ||||||
| Ischemia (yes, %) | 77 (42.8%) | 47 (39.2%) | 0.552 | 49 (40.5%) | 67 (37.2%) | 0.629 |
| Medical history | ||||||
| Hypertension (yes, %) | 134 (74.4%) | 82 (68.3%) | 0.294 | 98 (81.0%) | 133 (76.7%) | 0.395 |
| Diabetes mellitus (yes, %) | 82 (45.6%) | 57 (47.5%) | 0.813 | 67 (55.4%) | 86 (47.8%) | 0.240 |
| Dyslipidemia (yes, %) | 103 (57.2%) | 53 (44.2%) | 0.034 | 60 (49.6%) | 92 (51.1%) | 0.815 |
| Arterial blood gas | ||||||
| pH | 7.30 (7.19-7.40) | 7.40 (7.30-7.45) | < 0.001 | 7.30 (7.18-7.40) | 7.39 (7.31-7.44) | < 0.001 |
| PCO2 (mm Hg) | 46.7 (36.7-57.7) | 35.0 (29.1-43.7) | < 0.001 | 46.3 (35.7-60.2) | 35.5 (31.1-41.6) | < 0.001 |
| PO2 (mm Hg) | 90.3 (68.2-134.0) | 94.7 (75.4-145.0) | 0.140 | 109.5 (76.8-156.0) | 103.0 (69.4-147.5) | 0.091 |
| HCO3- (mmol/L) | 22.4 (20.0-24.6) | 21.8 (18.9-24.2) | 0.112 | 21.3 (19.3-23.6) | 21.3 (18.1-24.3) | 0.897 |
| SaO2 (%) | 96 (92-98) | 97 (94-99) | 0.008 | 96 (92-98) | 98 (93-99) | 0.085 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.8 (1.2-3.7) | 1.9 (1.2-3.6) | 0.682 | 2.1 (1.2-4.2) | 1.7 (1.0-2.9) | 0.006 |
| Laboratory data | ||||||
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 10.3 (6.8-17.4) | 12.0 (8.6-21.0) | 0.007 | 8.6 (5.1-12.0) | 10.3 (6.8-15.4) | 0.014 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 413 (333-470) | 416 (332-537) | 0.117 | 357 (297-446) | 416 (326-494) | 0.005 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 140 (138-142) | 139 (135-141) | < 0.001 | 140 (138-142) | 139 (136-143) | 0.530 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.2 (4.0-4.6) | 4.3 (3.9-5.0) | 0.176 | 4.3 (3.9-4.7) | 4.3 (3.8-4.9) | 0.932 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 140 (129-153) | 133 (123-142) | < 0.001 | 111 (100-122) | 98 (88-111) | < 0.001 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 7.4 (5.8-10.1) | 9.7 (6.9-14.6) | < 0.001 | 9.0 (6.3-14.1) | 13.7 (9.1-19.5) | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine (g/dL) | 95.0 (73.4-126.4) | 115.4 (86.0-163.5) | 0.001 | 100.8 (72.5-168.0) | 152.1 (89.3-256.4) | 0.001 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 4500 (1775-14,425) | 21,000 (5375-61,725) | < 0.001 | 2600 (1000-8500) | 24,400 (5325-68,625) | < 0.001 |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 21.7 (10.6-84.1) | 37.5 (14.8-1140.7) | 0.017 | 35.6 (17.9-75.1) | 47.0 (21.0-147.5) | 0.072 |
| Nutritional status | ||||||
| PNI | 49.2 (45.7-58.6) | 38.0 (35.0-39.8) | < 0.001 | 48.6 (45.1-55.2) | 36.3 (32.0-39.3) | < 0.001 |
| CONUT score | 1 (0-2) | 5 (4-6) | < 0.001 | 2 (0-3) | 6 (4-7) | < 0.001 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 38 (36-40) | 33 (30-35) | < 0.001 | 37 (35-39) | 32 (29-34) | < 0.001 |
| Lymphocyte count (/μL) | 2339 (1613-4130) | 814 (542-1248) | < 0.001 | 2309 (1658-3832) | 741 (490-1117) | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.59 (3.88-5.54) | 3.84 (3.36-4.69) | < 0.001 | 4.55 (3.78-5.12) | 3.98 (3.31-4.73) | < 0.001 |
| Medication (cases) during ICU | ||||||
| Flurosemide (yes, %) | 162 (90.0%) | 107 (89.2%) | 0.848 | 111 (91.7%) | 161 (89.4%) | 0.556 |
| Nitroglycerin (yes, %) | 90 (50.0%) | 32 (26.7%) | < 0.001 | 66 (54.5%) | 62 (34.4%) | 0.001 |
| Nicorandil (yes, %) | 27 (15.0%) | 16 (13.3%) | 0.739 | 18 (14.9%) | 34 (18.9%) | 0.438 |
| Carperitide (yes, %) | 63 (35.0%) | 49 (40.8%) | 0.331 | 42 (34.7%) | 67 (37.2%) | 0.714 |
| Dopamine (yes, %) | 10 (5.6%) | 9 (7.5%) | 0.629 | 4 (3.3%) | 15 (8.3%) | 0.093 |
| Dobutamine (yes, %) | 29 (16.1%) | 39 (32.5%) | 0.001 | 17 (14.0%) | 47 (26.1%) | 0.014 |
| ACE-I/ARB (yes, %) | 72 (40.0%) | 36 (30.0%) | 0.086 | 34 (28.1%) | 40 (22.2%) | 0.276 |
| β-Blocker (yes, %) | 68 (37.8%) | 33 (27.5%) | 0.081 | 30 (24.8%) | 40 (22.2%) | 0.677 |
| Spironolactone (yes, %) | 75 (41.7%) | 56 (46.7%) | 0.408 | 39 (32.2%) | 45 (25.0%) | 0.191 |
| Statin (yes, %) | 62 (34.4%) | 34 (28.3%) | 0.312 | 38 (31.4%) | 48 (26.7%) | 0.435 |
| Outcome | ||||||
| ICU hospitalization (d) | 3 (3-5) | 5 (3-10) | < 0.001 | 3 (2-4) | 4 (3-6) | 0.001 |
| Total hospitalization (d) | 19 (15-30) | 32 (19-47) | < 0.001 | 22 (16-37) | 29 (17-47) | 0.060 |
| In-hospital mortality (yes, %) | 8 (4.4%) | 20 (16.7%) | < 0.001 | 12 (9.9%) | 31 (17.2%) | 0.093 |
P values between the high-PNI and low-PNI groups were determined using the Mann–Whitney U test or chi-square test. All numerical data are expressed as the median (25%-75% interquartile range).
ACE-I, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CONUT, Controlling Nutritional Status; CRP, C-reactive protein; ICU, intensive care unit; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PNI, prognostic nutritional index; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; PVS, plasma volume status.