Table 1.
The features of the test problems.
| Problems | Features |
|---|---|
| DTLZ1 | Linear, multimodal |
| DTLZ2 | Concave |
| DTLZ3 | Concave, multimodal |
| DTLZ4 | Concave, biased |
| DTLZ5 | Concave, degenerate |
| DTLZ6 | Concave, degenerate, biased |
| DTLZ7 | Mixed, disconnected, multimodal, scaled |
| WFG1 | Mixed, biased, scaled |
| WFG2 | Convex, disconnected, multimodal, nonseparable, scaled |
| WFG3 | Linear, degenerate, nonseparable, scaled |
| WFG4 | Concave, multimodal, scaled |
| WFG5 | Concave, deceptive, scaled |
| WFG6 | Concave, nonseparable, scaled |
| WFG7 | Concave, biased, scaled |
| WFG8 | Concave, biased, nonseparable, scaled |
| WFG9 | Concave, biased, multimodal, deceptive, nonseparable, scaled |
| UF1 | Complex Pareto set |
| UF2 | Complex Pareto set |
| UF3 | Complex Pareto set |
| UF4 | Complex Pareto set, concave |
| UF5 | Complex Pareto set, discrete |
| UF6 | Complex Pareto set, discontinuous |
| UF7 | Complex Pareto set |
| UF8 | Complex Pareto set, concave |
| UF9 | Complex Pareto set, discontinuous |