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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 25.
Published in final edited form as: Sci Total Environ. 2019 Dec 12;710:136071. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136071

Table 4:

Studies from Latin American countries showing association between arsenic exposure and kidney, breast and laryngeal cancer

Reference Country Design Characteristics of subjects Results/ Main Findings
Ferreccio et al. (2013a) Northern Chile Case-control 122 kidney cancer cases and 640 controls The adjusted ORs in average As exposures of <400, 400–1,000, and >1,000 μg/day were 1.00, 5.71 (95% CI: 1.65, 19.82), and 11.09 (95% CI: 3.60, 34.16) (P-trend < 0.001), respectively for renal pelvis and ureter cancers
López-Carrillo et al. (2014) Mexico Case-control 1016 breast cancer cases and 1028 control women Increased risk of breast cancer (BC) was seen in women with higher %MMA and primary methylation index (PMI) at the highest pentile (%MMA OR Q5vs.Q1 = 2.63; 95% CI: 1.89, 3.6, p for trend <0.001; PMI OR Q5vs.Q1 = 1.90; 95%CI: 1.39,2.59, p for trend <0.001)
Smith et al. (2014) Chile Ecological For 1950–1970 years, death certificates for Region II and Region V were obtained. After 1970, computerized mortality data were obtained Breast cancer mortality rates during 1958–1970 in Region II were half of those in Region V (RR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.40, 0.66; p <0.0001). Women less than 60 years had a 70% reduction in breast cancer mortality during 1965–1970 (RR = 0.30, 0.17, 0.54; p < 0.0001)
Michel-Ramirez et al. (2017) Mexico Cross-sectional 120 breast biopsies (76 cases and 44 control biopsies negative for malignancy) Cases showed a significantly lower percentage of cytoplasm YAP expression. YAP was found to act as a tumor suppressor protein. Urinary %MMA was found significantly higher in the controls whereas, the secondary methylation values were greater in the cases (P < 0.05)
Roh et al. (2018) Chile Ecological Mortality data for all regions of Chile for the years 2001–2010 Increased SMRs for laryngeal cancer was observed for exposures starting at all ages, but the highest SMR was for exposures beginning at birth (SMR = 6.8 (95% CI: 2.2, 15.8)
Smith et al. (2018) Chile Ecological Region II compared with all the rest of Chile from 2001 to 2010, and with unexposed Region V from 1950 to 2010 Comparing Region II with the rest of Chile, kidney cancer mortality during 2001– 2010 was found elevated (RR = 1.75, 95% CI= 1.49, 2.05, P < .001 for men; RR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.69, 2.57, P < .001 for women)