TABLE 1.
Subject characteristics for the primary Guatemalan cohort and for the Pakistani replication cohort1
| Guatemala (primary cohort) | Pakistan (validation cohort) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Overall | −LNS | +LNS | P value | Overall | −LNS | +LNS | P value |
| n (%) | 134 | 39 (29.1) | 95 (70.9) | 179 | 55 (30.7) | 124 (69.3) | ||
| Maternal age at enrollment, yr | 23.4 (16–35) | 24.1 ± 0.8 | 23.4 ± 0.5 | 0.400 | 23.2 (16–32) | 23.2 ± 0.5 | 23.2 ± 0.4 | 0.976 |
| Maternal age at delivery, yr | 24.5 (17–36) | 25.6 ± 0.8 | 24.8 ± 0.5 | 0.384 | 24.1 (17–33) | 23.9 ± 0.5 | 24.2 ± 0.4 | 0.676 |
| BMI at enrollment, kg/m2 | 25.2 (18.8–38.4) | 26.1 ± 0.7 | 25.7 ± 0.4 | 0.624 | 19.1 (13.8–32.1)** | 19.1 ± 0.3^^ | 19.1 ± 0.3‡ | 0.946 |
| Underweight | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | 92 (51.4)** | 27 (49.1)^^ | 65 (52.4)‡ | 0.681 |
| Normal weight | 68 (50.7) | 21 (53.8) | 47 (49.5%) | 0.646 | 82 (45.8) | 27 (49.1) | 55 (44.4) | 0.557 |
| Overweight/obese | 66 (49.3) | 18 (46.2) | 48 (50.5) | 0.646 | 5 (2.8)** | 1 (1.8)^^ | 4 (3.2)‡ | 0.578 |
| Maternal height, cm | 149.9 (132.2–158.6) | 145.6 ± 0.7 | 146.1 ± 0.6 | 0.602 | 152.8 (134–178)** | 152.9 ± 0.8^^ | 152.8 ± 0.6‡ | 0.894 |
| Improved SES score | 3.3 (1–6) | 3.9 ± 0.1 | 3.8 ± 0.1 | 0.605 | 3.0 (0–6)** | 2.9 ± 0.2^ | 3.0 ± 0.1‡ | 0.654 |
| Parity | 1.6 (0–5) | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 0.202 | 1.6 (0–5) | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 0.697 |
| Vaginal delivery | 74 (55.2) | 22 (56.4) | 52 (54.7) | 0.860 | 162 (90.5)** | 50 (90.9)^^ | 112 (90.3)‡ | 0.626 |
| Female infant | 457 (42.5) | 16 (41.0) | 41 (43.2) | 0.821 | 96 (53.4)* | 25 (45.5) | 71 (57.3)† | 0.177 |
| Compliance with LNS | — | — | 73.4 (30.4–99.1) | — | — | — | 87.0 (43-100)‡ | — |
| Total days on LNS | — | — | 346 (139–747) | — | — | — | 356.9 (139–786) | — |
| Receiving calorie supplement | — | — | 6 (6.3) | — | — | — | 118 (95.2)‡ | — |
| Taking folate supplement at baseline | 28 (20.9) | 20.5 (8) | 21.1 (20) | 0.944 | 0** | 0^ | 0‡ | — |
| Taking folate supplement at 12 wk | 41.0 (55) | 69.2 (27) | 29.5 (28) | <0.0001 | 2.8 (5)** | 5.5 (3)^^ | 1.6 (2)‡ | 0.150 |
| Taking folate supplement at 34 wk | 30.6 (41) | 84.6 (33) | 8.4 (8) | <0.0001 | 8.9 (16)** | 23.6 (13)^^ | 2.4 (3)† | <0.0001 |
1
Values are means (ranges), percentages (n), or means ± SEMs unless otherwise indicated. Significant differences (P < 0.05, indicated in italics) , between −LNS and +LNS groups within each study site and between study sites were determined by unpaired t test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. Symbols denote significant differences between the Guatemalan and Pakistani cohorts overall, *P < 0.05; **P < 0.0001; between −LNS groups, ^P < 0.05; ^^P < 0.0001; and between +LNS groups, †P < 0.05; ‡P < 0.0001. LNS, small-quantity lipid-based nutrition supplement; SES, socioeconomic status.