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. 2020 Feb 13;128(2):027005. doi: 10.1289/EHP4709

Table 3.

Adjusted associations between exposure during pregnancy and childhood to single air pollutants and global fractional anisotropy at 9–12 years of age.

Pollutant Contrast Global fractional anisotropy
Pregnancy Childhood
Coef. 95% CI p-Value Coef. 95% CI p-Value
NOX 20μg/m3 0.11 0.20, 0.02 0.018 0.14 0.23, 0.04 0.007
NO2 10μg/m3 0.11 0.25, 0.03 0.1 0.13 0.25, 0.01 0.029
PM10 10μg/m3 0.49 0.90, 0.08 0.018 0.45 0.91, 0.01 0.1
PMcoarse 5μg/m3 0.05 0.37, 0.27 0.8 0.29 0.63, 0.04 0.1
PM2.5 5μg/m3 0.71 1.26, 0.16 0.012 0.46 1.14, 0.21 0.2
PM2.5 abs 105/m 0.29 0.51, 0.07 0.012 0.27 0.51, 0.02 0.032
PAHs 1  ng/m3 0.01 0.19, 0.21 1.0 0.15 0.09, 0.38 0.2
B[a]P 0.1  ng/m3 0.06 0.24, 0.13 0.6 0.11 0.14, 0.35 0.4
OC 1μg/m3 0.12 0.29, 0.05 0.2 0.20 0.38, 0.03 0.024
Cu 5  ng/m3 0.32 0.71, 0.06 0.1 0.22 0.65, 0.21 0.3
Fe 100  ng/m3 0.20 0.54, 0.14 0.2 0.22 0.53, 0.09 0.2
K 50  ng/m3 0.38 0.84, 0.08 0.1 0.53 1.03, 0.03 0.039
Si 100  ng/m3 0.28 0.70, 0.15 0.2 0.24 0.66, 0.19 0.3
Zn 10  ng/m3 0.12 0.28, 0.04 0.1 0.13 0.27, 0.02 0.1
OPDTT 1  nmol   DTT/min/m3 0.21 0.34, 0.75 0.4 0.14 0.69, 0.42 0.6
OPESR 1,000  units/m3 0.19 0.55, 0.17 0.3 0.21 0.57, 0.16 0.3
UFP 10,000  particles/cm3 0.26 0.63, 0.11 0.2 0.21 0.56, 0.15 0.3

Note: Coefficients and 95% CI from linear regression models adjusted for both maternal and paternal education, country of birth, age, height, BMI, and psychological distress during pregnancy; maternal smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy, parity, marital status, intelligence quotient, and household income; and child’s genetic ancestry, gender, and age at the scanning session. Any missing covariates were imputed through multiple imputation, and inverse probability weighting technique was used to account for potential selection bias. B[a]P, benzo[a]pyrene; CI, confidence intervals; coef., coefficient; NO2, nitrogen dioxide; NOX, nitrogen oxides; OC, organic carbon; OP, oxidative potential (evaluated using two acellular methods: OPDTT, dithiothreitol and OPESR, electron spin resonance); PAHs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; PM, particulate matter with different aerodynamic diameters: PM10), <10μm; PMcoarse, between 10μm and 2.5μm; PM2.5, <2.5μm; PM2.5 abs, absorbance of PM2.5 filters; UFP, ultrafine particles.