Table 4.

Adjusted associations between exposure during pregnancy and childhood to single air pollutants and global mean diffusivity at 9–12 years of age.

Pollutant	Contrast	Global mean diffusivity
		Pregnancy			Childhood
		Coef.	95% CI	p-Value	Coef.	95% CI	p-Value
${\mathrm{NO}}_{\mathrm{X}}$	$20{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$	0.01	0.00, 0.02	0.1	0.02	0.01, 0.03	0.005
${\mathrm{NO}}_2$	$10{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$	0.02	0.00, 0.04	0.021	0.02	0.00, 0.03	0.011
${\mathrm{PM}}_{10}$	$10{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$	0.05	0.00, 0.10	0.042	0.07	0.01, 0.12	0.027
${\mathrm{PM}}_{\text{coarse}}$	$5{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$	0.03	$-0.01$, 0.07	0.2	0.04	0.00, 0.09	0.038
${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$	$5{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$	0.09	0.02, 0.15	0.014	0.11	0.03, 0.20	0.010
${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ abs	${10}^{-5}/\mathrm{m}$	0.04	0.01, 0.06	0.012	0.04	0.01, 0.07	0.009
PAHs	$1{\text{\hspace{0.17em} ng}/\mathrm{m}}^3$	0.01	$-0.01$, 0.04	0.3	0.01	$-0.02$, 0.04	0.5
B[a]P	$0.1{\text{\hspace{0.17em} ng}/\mathrm{m}}^3$	0.02	$-0.01$, 0.04	0.1	0.01	$-0.02$, 0.04	0.3
OC	$1{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$	0.02	$-0.01$, 0.04	0.2	0.02	0.00, 0.04	0.1
Cu	$5{\text{\hspace{0.17em} ng}/\mathrm{m}}^3$	0.05	0.01, 0.10	0.030	0.03	$-0.02$, 0.09	0.2
Fe	$100{\text{\hspace{0.17em} ng}/\mathrm{m}}^3$	0.05	0.01, 0.09	0.018	0.03	$-0.01$, 0.07	0.1
K	$50{\text{\hspace{0.17em} ng}/\mathrm{m}}^3$	0.04	$-0.02$, 0.09	0.2	0.09	0.03, 0.15	0.006
Si	$100{\text{\hspace{0.17em} ng}/\mathrm{m}}^3$	0.07	0.02, 0.12	0.010	0.05	0.00, 0.11	0.047
Zn	$10{\text{\hspace{0.17em} ng}/\mathrm{m}}^3$	0.01	$-0.01$, 0.03	0.2	0.03	0.01, 0.05	0.003
${\text{OP}}_{\text{DTT}}$	$1{\text{\hspace{0.17em} nmol \hspace{0.17em} DTT}/\text{min}/\mathrm{m}}^3$	0.06	$-0.01$, 0.13	0.069	0.09	0.02, 0.16	0.016
${\text{OP}}_{\text{ESR}}$	$\mathrm{1,000}{\text{\hspace{0.17em} units}/\mathrm{m}}^3$	0.04	0.00, 0.09	0.047	0.04	0.00, 0.09	0.1
UFP	$\mathrm{10,000}{\text{\hspace{0.17em} particles}/\mathrm{cm}}^3$	0.05	0.01, 0.10	0.023	0.03	$-0.01$, 0.08	0.1

Note: Coefficients and 95% CI from linear regression models adjusted for both maternal and paternal education, country of birth, age, height, BMI, and psychological distress during pregnancy; maternal smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy, parity, marital status, intelligence quotient, and household income; and child’s genetic ancestry, gender, and age at the scanning session. Any missing covariates were imputed through multiple imputation, and inverse probability weighting technique was used to account for potential selection bias. B[a]P, benzo[a]pyrene; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence intervals; coef., coefficient; ${\mathrm{NO}}_2$, nitrogen dioxide; ${\mathrm{NO}}_{\mathrm{X}}$, nitrogen oxides; OC, organic carbon; OP, oxidative potential (evaluated using two acellular methods: ${\text{OP}}_{\text{DTT}}$, dithiothreitol and ${\text{OP}}_{\text{ESR}}$, electron spin resonance); PAHs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; PM, particulate matter with different aerodynamic diameters: ${\mathrm{PM}}_{10}$, $<10\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{m}$; ${\mathrm{PM}}_{\text{coarse}}$, between $10\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{m}$ and $2.5\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{m}$; ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$, ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$, $<2.5\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{m}$; ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ abs, absorbance of ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ filters; UFP, ultrafine particles.