Table 1.

Summary of the effects of CBD on different tissues during obesity.

Organ	ECS overactivation	CBD treatment	References
Brain	↑food intake, ↑motivation for palatable food	Unknown	(9, 23)
Liver	↑lipogenesis, ↑fibrogenesis, ↑hepatic apoptosis, ↑hepatocyte proliferation, ↓AMPK, ↑dyslipidemia, ↑steatosis, ↑fibrosis, ↑insulin resistance	↓liver enzymes level, ↓steatosis, ↓inflammation, ↓liver damage, ↓pro-inflammatory cytokines	(83, 110–112)
Gastrointestinal tract	↑food assimilation, ↑permeability, ↓satiety, ↓motility, ↓inflammation	↑GIP level, ↓resistin concentration	(37, 110, 111)
Adipose tissue	↑lipogenesis, ↑glucose uptake, ↓FA oxidation, ↓lipolysis, ↓mitochondrial biogenesis, ↓UCP1, ↑storing capacity, ↑insulin resistance, ↓thermogenesis	↑lipolysis, ↑thermogenesis, ↑PGC-1α, UCP1, PPARγ expression, ↓lipogenesis	(31, 113)
Endocrine pancreas	↑/↓insulin secretion, ↑insulin resistance, ↑Bad protein activation, ↑β-cell death	↑anti-inflammatory cytokines ↓pro-inflammatory cytokines	(114–116)
Muscles	↓insulin signaling ↓glucose uptake, ↓AMPK	Unknown	(9, 83)
Heart	↑AT1 receptor expression, ↑ROS generation, ↑MAPK activation, ↑AGEs accumulation ↑hypotension, bradycardia, negative inotropy, ↑inflammation, ↑apoptosis, ↓inflammatory response	↓infarct size, ↓infiltrating leukocytes, ↓platelet aggregation, ↓inflammation, ↓fibrosis	(11, 117, 118)

↑, increase; ↓, decrease; CBD, cannabidiol; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; GIP, glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide; UCP1, uncoupling protein 1; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; AT1, angiotensin II receptor type 1; ROS, reactive oxygen species; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; AGEs, advanced glycation end products.