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. 2020 Mar 10;10:4461. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-61408-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Earth’s bare surface reflectance. True colour composition (red: 630–690 nm, green: 520–600 nm, blue: 450–520 nm) at 250 m resolution retrieved through Landsat series observations from 1985 to 2015 (Landsat 4, 5, 7 and 8 images courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey). Soil line (red and NIR reflectance) and spectral signatures (blue to SWIR₂ ranges) constructed from sampling bare (processed) and raw (unprocessed) pixels in 50 km² areas at different locations of the world. Raw data were acquired by using Landsat 8 surface reflectance median composites from 2017 to 2019: (a) North America; (b) Arctic Desert; (c) Europe; (d) Central Asia; (e) South America; (f) Sahara Desert; (g) East Asia; and (h) Australian desert.