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. 2020 Mar 10;10:4461. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-61408-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Earth’s bare surface analysis from 1985 to 2015. (a) Bare surface frequency (number of times the pixel was bare during the period); (b) bare soil tendency (tendency to be bare during the period), which were constrained by the MODIS Land Cover Yearly Mapping reference map generated in 2017⁶⁹. (Landsat 4, 5, 7 and 8 images courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey).