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. 2020 Mar 10;10:4461. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-61408-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Temporal Earth’s bare surface patterns for each of the three-year periods from 1985 to 2015 in comparison to the worldwide croplands. (Interactive Graph). The global conservation agriculture area (yellow line) was adapted from Kassam et al.⁴⁸ and calculated in terms of the percentages of the total area of cropland in the world, i.e., approximately 1.87 billion hectars⁵⁰.