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. 2020 Mar 4;11:261. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00261

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Copyright © 2020 Murray, Zhang, Douek and Sekaly.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The IL-1 signaling pathway is transcriptionally suppressed in mDC from treatment-naïve PLWH. (A) Heatmap and (B) network illustrating key IL-1 pathway genes and their modulators. (A,B) IL-1α and its receptors are transcriptionally suppressed in mDCs from TN PLWH compared to ARV-treated or HIV-uninfected persons. (B,C) Negative regulators of IL-1 signaling, including hemoxygenase (HMOX-1) and CD14, components of the IL-10 pathway, are (B) upregulated in mDCs from TN PLWH. (C) In mDCs from ARV-treated PLWH, levels of suppressors of IL-1 signaling are not completely restored to levels of mDCs from HIV-uninfected persons. (B,C) Shown is the ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) pathway, showing both IL-1- and IL-10-associated genes. Numbers below each gene node indicate p value and below that (log₂) fold change of that gene's expression relative to HIV-uninfected levels.