FIG 5.

AXPN enhances protective innate immune pathways against CDI and is dependent on the microbiota. (A) Antibiotic-pretreated mice were infected with C. difficile spores and administered AXPN (Table 1). At 30 h postinfection, cecal tissue RNA was harvested for qRT-PCR analysis on selected genes. A heat map shows the normalized fold change in expression values in log₂ scale from two independent experiments in comparison to naive animals (n = 3 mice/experimental group). (B and C) qRT-PCR analysis of the indicated genes from cecal tissue RNA isolated from CDI and GF murine models at 30 h postinfection. Expression levels are shown relative to the CDI model PBS-treated group. Data are the mean ± SE (n = 3 to 6 mice/group). *, P < 0.05; ***, P < 0.001, between indicated groups.