TABLE 1.
Patient characteristics
| Missing | mFI < 0.27 (n = 9349) n (%) |
mFI ≥ 0.27 (n = 637) n (%) |
Overall (n = 9986) n (%) |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 63.7 (12.5) | 70.1 (8.9) | 64.1 (12.4) | <0.0001 | |
| Female sex | 14 | 4655 (49.9) | 210 (33.0) | 4865 (48.8) | <0.0001 |
| Race | 3361 | 0.5871 | |||
| White | 5379 (86.7) | 375 (89.1) | 5754 (86.9) | ||
| Black | 603 (9.7) | 36 (8.6) | 639 (9.7) | ||
| Other | 222 (3.4) | 10 (2.3) | 232 (3.6) | ||
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | 79 | 2201 (23.7) | 187 (29.7) | 2388 (24.1) | 0.0007 |
| Operative time (min) | 375.1 (129.0) | 381.5 (132.3) | 375.5 (129.3) | 0.2264 | |
| Hospital stay (days) | 29 | 13.0 (10.6) | 16.6 (13.4) | 13.2 (10.8) | <0.0001 |
| Total no. of complications | 0.7 (1.3) | 1.2 (1.8) | 0.8 (1.4) | <0.0001 | |
| Preoperative serum albumin (g/dL) | 1107 | 7321 (88.0) | 447 (79.8) | 7768 (87.5) | <0.0001 |
| ASA class | 10 | <0.0001 | |||
| 1–2 | 3002 (32.1) | 31 (4.9) | 3033 (30.4) | ||
| 3–4 | 6338 (67.8) | 605 (95.0) | 6943 (69.5) | ||
| Any complications | 3364 (36.0) | 309 (48.5) | 3673 (36.8) | <0.0001 | |
| Major complications | 2592 (27.7) | 260 (40.8) | 2852 (28.6) | <0.0001 | |
| Minor complications | 1359 (14.5) | 111 (17.4) | 1470 (14.7) | 0.0464 | |
| 30-days mortality | 249 (2.7) | 40 (6.3) | 289 (2.9) | <0.0001 | |
| Current smoker within 1 year | 1 | 1983 (21.2) | 150 (23.6) | 2133 (21.4) | 0.1642 |
| >10% Loss body weight in last 6 months | 1680 (18.0) | 152 (23.9) | 1832 (18.3) | 0.0002 | |
| Bleeding disorder | 193 (2.1) | 49 (7.7) | 242 (2.4) | <0.0001 | |
| Chemotherapy for malignancy in ≤30 days preoperatively | 289 (3.1) | 15 (2.4) | 304 (3.0) | 0.2952 | |
| Dyspnea | <0.0001 | ||||
| At rest | 33 (0.4) | 10 (1.6) | 43 (0.4) | ||
| Moderate exertion | 647 (6.9) | 135 (21.2) | 782 (7.8) | ||
| Preoperative variables included in calculation of the mFI | |||||
| Functional health status before surgery (totally or partially dependent) | 108 (1.2) | 105 (16.5) | 213 (2.1) | <0.0001 | |
| Diabetes | 1780 (19.0) | 472 (74.1) | 2252 (22.6) | <0.0001 | |
| Hypertension | 4691 (50.2) | 619 (97.2) | 5310 (53.2) | <0.0001 | |
| History of PVD | 59 (0.6) | 69 (10.8) | 128 (1.3) | <0.0001 | |
| CHF within 30 days before surgery | 8 (0.1) | 18 (2.8) | 26 (0.3) | <0.0001 | |
| MI 6 months before surgery | 9 (0.1) | 19 (3.0) | 28 (0.3) | <0.0001 | |
| History of severe COPD | 285 (3.0) | 152 (23.9) | 437 (4.4) | <0.0001 | |
| Previous PCI | 367 (3.9) | 272 (42.7) | 639 (6.4) | <0.0001 | |
| History of impaired sensorium | 3 (0.0) | 4 (0.6) | 7 (0.1) | <0.0001 | |
| History of transient ischemic attack | 106 (1.1) | 104 (16.3) | 210 (2.1) | <0.0001 | |
| CVA/stroke with neurologic deficit | 56 (0.6) | 74 (11.6) | 130 (1.3) | <0.0001 |
mFI modified frailty index, BMI body mass index, ASA American Society of Anesthesiology, PVD peripheral vascular disease, CHF congestive heart failure, MI myocardial infarction, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, PCI percutaneous cardiac intervention, CVA cerebrovascular accident