Table 5.

Costs for users and providers in scenarios involving variable user fees.

		Base case	Scenario 1 (50% user fees)	Scenario 2 (no user fees)	Societal perspectivea
Total cost per 1000 participants, user perspective (US $)b
	Intervention	15,906.83	12,339.41	8772.00	19,986.56
	Standard care	13,451.28c	10,864.97	8278.66	11,826.07
	Incremental	2455.55	1474.44	493.34	8160.49
ICERd, provider perspective (US $ per unit of effect)b
	Couple-years of protection	11.01	12.91	14.80	15.75
	Pregnancies averted	31.61	37.05	42.49	45.22
	Abortions averted	55.46	65.00	74.54	79.33
	U5e mortalities averted	5355.02	6275.95	7196.88	7659.96
	Maternal mortalities averted	—f	—	—	—
	DALYsg averted	57.72	67.65	77.58	82.57

^aCosts and ICERs from a societal perspective are included for reference. These results remain constant in each scenario, as the user fee represents a transfer from users to providers, but a net zero change from a societal perspective.

^bResults are presented as total cost (direct and indirect) from a user perspective and ICER from a provider perspective to reflect the outcome of interest for the respective groups. Changes in demand resultant from the imposition of user fees have not been modelled as part of the scenario analysis.

^cUnder standard care with 100% user fees, the program provides income to providers.

^dICER: incremental cost-effectiveness ratio.

^eU5: under five.

^fNo maternal mortalities were estimated to have been averted in either arm; therefore, no ICER calculation is possible.

^gDALYs: disability-adjusted life-years.