Table 2.
Results of studies reporting on LVI.
| Reference | Patients with LVI information, N | LVI missing, % | LVI positive, % | Metastasis LVI present, % | Metastasis LVI absent, % | Reported univariable analysis | Method multivariable analysis | Reported multivariable analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gilbert et al. 2016 [15] | 177 | 0 | 36.7 | 2‐year RFR 58.3 | 2‐year RFR 88.3 | P < 0.001 | Stratified log‐rank test | N/A (stratified by LVI) |
| Li et al. 2015 [16] | 78 | 0 | 21.8 | 52.9 | 14.8 | OR 6.500 (1.984–21.291) P = 0.002 | Logistic regression analysis |
OR 6.521 1.872–22.721 P = 0.003 |
| Kollmannsberger et al. 2015 [1] | 1118 | 1.8 | 16.4 | 44.3 | 14.1 | NR | NR | NR |
| Daugaard et al. 2014 [17] | 683 | 44.3 | 24.9 | 42.6 | 26.4 | HR 2.62 (2.03–3.39) P < 0.001 | Cox prop. hazards model |
HR 1.57 1.64–2.99 P < 0.001 |
| Keskin et al. 2011 [18] | 70 | 0 | 32.9 | 26.1 | 12.8 | P = 0.322 | NR | NR |
| Nicolai et al. 2011 [39] | 163 | 10.9 | 38.0 | 25.8 | 11.9 | P = 0.032 | NR | NR |
| Sturgeon et al. 2011 [19] | 331 | 10.8 | 27.8 | NR | NR | NR | Cox prop. hazards model |
HR 3.22 2.17–4.78 P < 0.001* |
| Kollmannsberger et al. 2010 [20] | 206 | 7.6 | 29.1 | 50.0 | 13.0 | NR | NR | NR |
| Albers et al. 2003 [10] | 152 | 7.9 | 48.7 | 52.7 | 23.1 | P = 0.001 | Logistic regression analysis | OR 3.7143 (1.8501–7.4566) P < 0.001 |
| Atsü et al. 2003 [21] | 132 | 0 | 36.4 | 27.1 | 22.6 | P = 0.7 | Cox prop. hazards model | LVI NS |
| Daugaard et al. 2003 [22] | 145 | 51.8 | 31.7 | 54.3 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Spermon et al. (2002) [40] | 50 | 0 | 36.0 | 61.1 | 12.5 | P = 0.001 | Multivariate logistic model | P = 0.001 |
| Alexandre et al. 2001 [23] | 84 | 4.5 | 47.6 | NR | NR | RR 5.3 (2.0–14.2) P < 0.001 | Cox prop. hazards model |
RR 3.8 1.4–10.4 P = 0.008 |
| Roeleveld et al. 2001 [24] | 79 | 12.2 | 41.8 | 51.5 | 10.9 | P < 0.001 | Logistic regression analysis | P < 0.001 |
| Sweeney et al. 2000 [43] | 178 | 39.0 | 51.1 | 50.5 | 20.7 | P < 0.001 | NR | NR |
| Colls et al. 1999 [25] | 243 | 2.0 | 37.9 | 45.7 | 17.2 | P < 0.001 | NR | NR |
| Sogani et al. 1998 [26] | 105 | 0 | 19.0 | 60.0 | 16.5 | P < 0.001 | Cox prop. hazards model |
OR 4.2 P < 0.001 |
| Maher and Lee 1998 [27] | 41 | 2.4 | 26.8 | 54.5 | 20.0 | P = 0.025 | NR | NR |
| Albers et al. 1997 [47] | 78 | 0 | 41.0 | 62.5 | 17.4 | P < 0.001 | Maximum likelihood analysis | P = 0.010 |
| Gels et al. 1995 [28] | VI: 154 | 0 | VI: 23.4% | VI: 52.8 | VI: 19.5 | P < 0.001 | Logistic regression analysis | OR 4.24, P < 0.001 |
| Nicolai and Pizzocaro 1995 [29] | 28 | 67.1 | 35.7 | 50 | 11.1 | P = 0.069 | NR | NR |
| Moul et al. 1994 [44] | 92 | 0 |
VI: 41.3 LI: 21.7 |
VI: 76.3 LI: 85.0 |
VI: 16.7 LI: 29.2 |
VI: P < 0.001 LI: P < 0.001 |
Logistic regression analysis | VI: P < 0.001 |
| Ondrus and Hornak 1994 [30] | 80 | 0 | 40.0 | 53.1 | 18.8 | P = 0.042 | NR | NR |
| Tekgül et al. 1995 [31] | 36 | 37.9 | 27.8 | 40.0 | NR | P > 0.05 | NR | NR |
| Read et al. 1992 [32] |
LI: 362 VI: 363 |
LI: 2.9 VI: 2.7 |
LI: 16.9 VI: 47.1 |
2‐year RFR LI: 59 VI: 65 |
2‐year RFR LI: 79 VI: 86 |
LI: P < 0.001 VI: P < 0.001 |
Cox prop. hazards model | VI: P < 0.001 |
| Sturgeon et al. 1992 [33] | 103 | 1.9 | 32.0 | 60.6 | 24.3 | P < 0.001 | NR | NR |
| Rørth et al. 1991 [34] | 77 | 7.2 | 58.4 | 37.8 | 18.8 | NR | NR | NR |
| Klepp et al. 1990 [42] | 265 | 5.0 | 28.3 | 65.3 | 25.8 | P < 0.001 | Logistic regression analysis | P < 0.001 |
| Wishnow et al. 1989 [46] | 82 | 0 | 25.6 | 52.4 | 21.3 | NR | NR | NR |
| Dunphy et al. 1988 [35] | 93 | 0 | 34.4 | 53.1 | 18.0 | P < 0.01 | Cox regression analysis | P = 0.99 |
| Fung et al. 1988 [41] | 60 | 0 | 50.0 | 46.7 | 20.0 | P = 0.05 | NR | NR |
| Thompson et al. 1988 [36] | 34 | 5.6 |
VI: 29.4 LI: 52.9 |
VI: 40.0 LI: 55.6 |
VI: 29.2 LI: 6.3 |
VI: P > 0.1 LI: P < 0.005 |
Cox regression analysis | Only LI significant |
| Freedman et al. 1987 [37] |
LI: 256 VI: 259 |
LI: 1.2 VI: 2.3 |
LI: 18.7 VI: 50.6 |
2‐year RFR LI: 45 VI: 57 |
2‐year RFR LI: 80 VI: 90 |
LI: P < 0.001 VI: P < 0.001 |
Cox prop. hazards model |
LI: P < 0.001 VI: P < 0.001 |
| Hoskin et al 1986 [38] |
VI: 118 LI: 116 |
VI: 6.3 LI: 7.9 |
VI: 31.4 LI: 18.1 |
VI: 45.9 LI: 57.1 |
VI: 23.5 LI: 23.2 |
VI: P < 0.01 LI: P < 0.005 |
Cox proportional hazards model |
VI: NS LI: HR 3.7, P < 0.01 |
N/A, not applicable; LI, lymphatic invasion; NR, not reported; NS, not significant; RFR, relapse‐free rate. *With imputation of missing data.