Figure 1.

Enzymes and transporters included in the construction of C₄ rice. These include carbonic anhydrase (CA), PEP carboxylase (PEPC), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), NADP‐malic enzyme (ME), and pyruvate Pi dikinase (PPDK). Adenylate kinase (ADK) has been added to ensure AMP is converted to ADP. The required transporters are oxoglutarate/malate transporter (OMT1), PEP/phosphate translocator (PPT), dicarboxylate transporter (DiT2), pyruvate/sodium symporter (BASS2), and sodium/proton antiporter (NHD1). Malate importer and pyruvate exporter in bundle sheath chloroplasts are not yet confirmed. Other abbreviations used are OAA for oxaloacetate and PEP for phosphoenolpyruvate.