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. 2020 Feb 11;98(3):229–241. doi: 10.1111/imcb.12316

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Dimethyl itaconate (DI) treatment increased the expression of NF‐E2‐related factor‐2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1). Panels a–f show data obtained in vivo from eyes, whereas the experiments described in panels g–i were performed in vitro with human cells. The messenger RNA and protein levels of (a–c) Nrf2 and (d–f) HO‐1 were increased in infected corneas (n = 5) at 3 days postinfection (p.i.) compared with those in uninfected control corneas (n = 5). Compared with phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) treatment, DI treatment increased the expression of (a–c) Nrf2 and (d–f) HO‐1 in infected corneas. (g–i) Immunofluorescence staining showed that compared with PBS treatment, DI treatment induced the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 in infected human corneal epithelial cells (n = 6) at 8 h p.i. Magnification, 400×. The experiments were repeated two times to ensure reproducibility. P‐values are presented as the mean ± s.e.m. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. A.f, Aspergillus fumigatus; N, normal corneas or HCECs; DAPI, 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole.