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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Med Phys. 2019 Nov 19;47(1):64–74. doi: 10.1002/mp.13769

FIG. 7.

FIG. 7.

(a) An example of the multiphase computed tomography (MPCT) image sets and enhancement pattern mapping patient-specific (EPM-PA) resulting from a cholangiocarcinoma case. The biopsy-proven tumor is slightly visible as a hypodense area in P1 and P2 of the MPCT images (arrow 1). On the EPM-PA image, the tumor is highly visible. Likewise, arrow 2 points to the nondiseased area that does not follow normal liver tissue enhancement characteristics that are enhanced in EPM-PA (i.e., arteries or veins). (b) An example of the MPCT image sets and EPM-PA from a patient with confirmed HCC (arrow 1). P0-P3 are the CT images from MPCT at different time points after contrast injection. The EPM-PA was calculated on the basis of RMSD feature mapping using the enhancement characteristics of the normal liver model. This particular tumor exhibited only a small difference in HU uptake in P1 and P2 phases, making it difficult to discern the tumor on conventional CT images. Arrow 2 points to the nondiseased area of high signal from EPM (i.e., arteries or veins). (c) An example of the MPCT image sets and EPM-PA resulting from colorectal cancer. Two known tumor locations are visible as hypodense areas on P2 (arrow 1). *All MPCT images in a-c are displayed in the abdominal window setting using center = 50 HU and width = 400 HU. The bottom right image shows the aorta contrast enhancement curve (black dashed), generalized enhancement curve of liver (blue solid), and the enhancement curve of tumor (red solid) where the region of interest was drawn for contrast-to-noise measurements.