Table 1.
Characteristics of infant-mother dyads in the Nurture cohort with gut microbiota data at 3 or 12 months, stratified by the timing of complementary food introduction
| Early introduction to complementary foods* (n = 18) | Later introduction to complementary foods (n = 49) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Delivery method (%) | 0.63 | ||
| Vaginal | 11 (61.11) | 33 (67.35) | |
| C-Section | 7 (38.89) | 16 (32.65) | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (%) | 14 (77.78) | 32 (65.31) | 0.33 |
| Maternal age (median [IQR]) | 25.30 [22.48, 29.09] | 26.55 [23.95, 31.97] | 0.38 |
| Female sex | 8 (44.44) | 22 (44.90) | 0.97 |
| Infant age at 3 month sample, days (median [IQR])a | 105.00 [93.25, 117.25] | 99.00 [93.00, 107.00] | 0.22 |
| Infant age at 12 month sample, days (median [IQR])b | 374.00 [367.00, 392.00] | 371.00 [362.75, 394.50] | 0.73 |
| Black or African-American infant race | 13 (72.22) | 29 (59.18) | 0.54 |
| Breastfed ever (%) | 14 (77.78) | 39 (79.59) | 0.87 |
| Breastfeeding duration (weeks), median IQR | 4.5 (1.00, 7.00) | 4.0 (1.00, 13.04) | 0.51 |
| Breastfeeding at time of first sample (%) | 2 (11.11) | 11 (22.45) | 0.30 |
| Maternal low educational achievement (%) | 6 (33.33) | 25 (51.02) | 0.20 |
| Income (%) | 0.84 | ||
| ≤ $20,000 | 11 (61.11) | 30 (63.83) | |
| > $20,000 | 7 (38.89) | 17 (36.17) | |
| No infant antibiotics at/before 3 months (%) | 14 (77.78) | 41 (83.67) | 0.58 |
| No infant antibiotics at/before 12 months (%) | 11 (61.11) | 25 (51.02) | 0.46 |
| No current maternal smoking (%)c | 12 (80.00) | 36 (80.00) | 0.99 |
| Birth weight, kg (median [IQR]) | 2.94 [2.82, 3.54] | 3.23 [2.95, 3.54] | 0.52 |
| Gestational age, weeks (median [IQR]) | 39.93 [37.71, 40.29] | 39.29 [38.43, 40.14] | 0.87 |
*Early introduction to complementary foods was defined as introduction of any solids or non-water liquids at or before the 3-month study visit, when stool was collected
aAmong the 65 infants who provided a sample at 3 months
bAmong the 49 infants who provided a sample at 12 months
c3 infants given solids early and 4 infants given solids later were missing maternal smoking data for at least 1 time point