Table 3.

Risk factors associated with first bleeding event among patients with SCD in California, 1991 to 2014

Variables	Any bleeding			Intracranial hemorrhage			Gastrointestinal bleed
	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Sex
Female	1.26	1.13-1.42	<.0001	0.81	0.60-1.11	.193	1.00	0.86-1.18	.954
Male	Reference			Reference			Reference
Race/ethnicity
African American	Reference
Non–African American	0.92	0.75-1.12	.383	0.65	0.33-1.26	.2035	1.07	0.80-1.42	.6481
Hospitalization frequency
Less frequent	Reference			Reference			Reference
Frequent	1.87	1.67-2.09	<.0001	1.17	0.85-1.62	.332	2.16	1.82-2.56	<.0001
SCD complications
Venous thrombosis/upper extremity*
No	Reference			Reference			Reference
VTE <180 d prior of bleeding	4.24	2.86-6.28	<.0001	4.82	1.72-13.45	.0027	3.19	1.80-5.66	<.0001
VTE ≥180 d prior of bleeding	1.41	1.16-1.72	.0006	1.14	0.68-1.91	.6188	1.21	0.92-1.58	.1709
Prior bleeding*
Yes	NA			0.91	0.56-1.47	.6946	1.62	1.26-2.09	.0002
No	NA			Reference			Reference
ONFH*
Yes	1.25	1.08-1.46	.0034	0.81	0.52-1.26	.3425	1.25	1.02-1.54	.0345
No	Reference			Reference			Reference
Ischemic stroke*
Yes	1.65	1.20-2.26	.0022	6.63	4.06-10.82	<.0001	1.25	0.83-1.89	.2882
No	Reference			Reference			Reference
Pneumonia/ACS*
Yes	1.23	1.09-1.40	.0012	1.47	1.02-2.11	.0385	1.23	1.03-1.47	.0197
No	Reference			Reference			Reference
Renal failure*
Yes	2.18	1.76-2.70	<.0001	2.31	1.31-4.06	.0038	2.23	1.71-2.90	<.0001
No	Reference			Reference			Reference
Liver failure*
Yes	1.82	1.50-2.22	<.0001	1.72	1.04-2.85	.0347	1.92	1.49-2.47	<.0001
No	Reference			Reference			Reference

*Adjusted for competing risk for death, age, and year at entry into the SCD cohort.