Table 1.

Concentrations of fipronil sulfone reached in mammals following fipronil administration (oral, ip, iv, general exposure). Fipronil sulfone (20) levels are expressed either in μg/mL or in μg/g. A 4.53 μg/mL concentration is equivalent to a concentration of 10 μM. bw, body weight

Species/tissue	Exposure conditions	Fipronil sulfone (20) levels reached	Refs.
Mouse
plasma	10 mg/kg bw, oral, single administration	1–1.1 μg/mL	Fig. 11, 12A
plasma	10 mg/kg bw, oral, 5 days/week/3 weeks	3.7 μg/mL	Fig. 12B
plasma	2.5 or 10 mg/kg bw, oral, 1 day/week/2 weeks	0.029 or 0.210 μg/mL	SK, unpubl.
plasma	2.5 or 10 mg/kg bw, oral, 3 days/week/2 weeks	0.211 or 0.662 μg/mL	SK, unpubl.
adipose tissue	2 mg/kg bw, ip, daily/6 days	22–24 ppm	[102]
adipose tissue	10 mg/kg bw, oral, single administration	4.3–4.9 μg/epididymal adipose pad	Fig. 11, 12A
adipose tissue	10 mg/kg bw, oral, 5 days/week/3 weeks	13.5 μg/epididymal adipose pad	Fig. 12B
adipose tissue	2.5 or 10 mg/kg bw, oral, 1 day/week/2 weeks	0.730 or 5.276 μg/g	SK, unpubl.
adipose tissue	2.5 or 10 mg/kg bw, oral, 3 days/week/2 weeks	6.098 or 12.48 μg/g	SK, unpubl.
brain	40 mg/kg bw, ip, 6 or 20 min, single administration	19 or 32 ppm (6 and 20 min, respectively)	[103]
brain	10 mg/kg bw, oral, single administration	0.71–0.75 μg/brain	Fig. 11, 12A
brain	10 mg/kg bw, oral, 5 days/week/3 weeks	2.7 μg/brain	Fig. 12B
brain	2.5 or 10 mg/kg bw, oral, 1 day/week/2 weeks	0.049 or 0.405 μg/g	SK, unpubl.
brain	2.5 or 10 mg/kg bw, oral, 3 days/week/2 weeks	0.585 or 1.746 μg/g	SK, unpubl.
Rat
plasma	10 mg/kg bw, oral, single administration	1.4 μg/mL	Suppl. Fig. 1
plasma	5 or 10 mg/kg bw, oral, daily/2 weeks	2.4 or 3.6 μg/mL	[104]
plasma	30 mg Regent ®/kg bw, oral, daily/15 days	0.46 μg/mL	[105]
plasma	4 μg/kg bw, oral, 3X/week/90 days	0.008–0.39 ng/mL	[106]
plasma	3.4 (po) or 6.9 (iv) μmole/kg bw, single administration	0.2 (po) or 0.25 (iv) μg/mL	[107]
plasma	3.4 μmole/kg bw, oral, daily/14 days	1.5 μg/mL	[107]
plasma	3 mg/kg bw, oral, daily/13 days	0.043 – 2.8 μg/mL	[108]
adipose tissue	10 mg/kg bw, oral, single administration	152.3 μg/g	Suppl. Fig. 3
adipose tissue	10 mg/kg bw, oral, 72 h, administration	47.87 μg fipronil equivalent (>90% fipronil sulfone)/g wet weight	[93]
brain	10 mg/kg bw, oral, single dose	3.74 μg/g	Suppl. Fig. 2
urine	5 or 10 mg/kg bw, oral, daily/2 weeks or single dose	0.023–0.026 μg/mL	[47]
urine	5 or 10 mg/kg bw, oral, daily/2 weeks	0.024 or 0.032 μg/mL	[104]
urine	4 μg/kg bw, oral, 3X/week/90 days	0.009–4.27 ng/mL	[106]
hair	4 μg/kg bw, oral, 3X/week/90 days	4.58–306 pg/mg	[106]
Human
plasma	no known fipronil exposure (96 plasma samples)	0.1–3.9 ng/mL; detected in 25% of the samples.	[104]
plasma	conducted on 159 workers from a factory manufacturing fipronil-containing veterinary products in France	mean: 7.79 ng/mL (range: 0.37–42.45 ng/mL) detected in 155 out of 159 workers.	[92]
plasma	6 cases of self-poisoning with Regent ®	maximum fipronil + fipronil sulfone level measured was 3.74 (μg/mL	[109]
urine	no known fipronil exposure (84 urine samples)	undetectable	[104]