Study	Reason for exclusion
Albanese 2000	Follow‐up study of 120 opioid users undergoing antagonist‐induced withdrawal (123 procedures). No treatment comparison. Insufficient outcome data.
Allhoff 1999	Retrospective case review of electrocardiographic abnormalities associated with antagonist‐induced withdrawal. No treatment comparison. Limited outcome data.
Arnold‐Reed 2005	Antagonist‐induced withdrawal with minimal sedation.
Bartter 1996	Discusses series of approaches to opioid withdrawal leading to development of a regime of antagonist‐induced withdrawal. Case series, not a controlled study. Insufficient detail on treatment protocols and outcomes.
Bell 1999	Comparison of outcomes for cohorts of heroin‐dependent and methadone‐dependent clients receiving antagonist‐induced withdrawal. No treatment comparison. Low level sedation.
Boehle 2000	Discusses clinical experience with antagonist‐induced withdrawal in 5 opioid‐dependent patients. No treatment comparison.
Brewer 1998a	Describes method of anaesthesia‐assisted antagonist‐induced withdrawal. Case series, not controlled study. Variable treatment protocol. Insufficient detail on outcomes.
Cucchia 1998	Describes method of antagonist‐induced opioid withdrawal and outcomes for 20 patients. No treatment comparison.
Dettling 1996	No English abstract. Likely to overlap with Tretter 1998.
E. Berenguel 2001	Reports outcomes for 20 opioid‐dependent patients treated with antagonist‐induced withdrawal. No treatment comparison.
Elman 2001	Follow‐up study of acute and long‐term outcomes for 7 opioid‐dependent patients treated with antagonist‐induced withdrawal and naltrexone maintenance. No treatment comparison.
Foster 2003	Reports outcomes for two cohorts (n1 = 55, n2 = 46) receiving naltrexone implants during antagonist‐induced withdrawal under general anaesthesia or sedation. Not controlled study. No treatment comparison.
Gold 1999	Reports outcomes for 20 opioid‐dependent patients treated with antagonist‐induced withdrawal. No treatment comparison.
Hensel 2000a	Randomised controlled trial comparing methods of monitoring anaesthesia during antagonist‐induced withdrawal. Insufficient information on participant characteristics. Limited outcome data.
Hensel 2000b	Follow‐up study of 72 opioid‐dependent patients treated with antagonist‐induced withdrawal. No treatment comparison.
Ivaskevicius 2005	Reports use of antagonist‐induced withdrawal under anaesthesia for management of opioid withdrawal. No treatment comparison.
Kasvikis 1997	Reports outcomes of antagonist‐induced withdrawal for management of opioid withdrawal. No treatment comparison.
Lawental 2000	Compares outcomes for 139 opioid‐dependent participants treated with antagonist‐induced withdrawal and historical cohort receiving standard inpatient detoxification. Retrospective data collection. Insufficient outcome data. Unclear (probably variable) treatment regimes.
Legarda 1994	Describes outcomes for 11 opioid‐dependent males receiving antagonist‐induced withdrawal. No treatment comparison.
Loimer 1989	Reports treatment of 12 opioid‐dependent males with antagonist‐induced withdrawal. No treatment comparison.
Loimer 1990	Initiated as randomised controlled trial comparing effects of naloxone and placebo when administered under anaesthesia to opioid‐dependent patients. Placebo group switched to naloxone, negating treatment comparison. Insufficient outcome data.
Loimer 1991a	Reports use of antagonist‐induced withdrawal under anaesthesia to treat 7 opioid‐dependent patients. No treatment comparison.
Loimer 1991b	Comparison of observer‐ and subject ratings of withdrawal in context of antagonist‐induced opioid withdrawal. No treatment comparison.
Loimer 1991c	Compares outcomes for antagonist‐induced withdrawal and methadone detoxification. Insufficient data on outcomes during acute withdrawal. Tapered methadone group probably not recruited and treated concurrently.
Loimer 1993	Reports outcomes of antagonist‐induced withdrawal in 20 opioid‐dependent men with naloxone administered nasally. No treatment comparison.
London 1999	Reports outcomes of antagonist‐induced withdrawal for 20 patients. Level of sedation unclear ‐ participants probably conscious. No treatment comparison. Variable adjunct medications.
Lorenzi 1999	Evaluation of protocol for antagonist‐induced withdrawal in terms of haemodynamic status and withdrawal signs. No treatment comparison.
Ma 2003	Retrospective case review relating dose of clonidine to severity of symptoms during antagonist‐induced withdrawal under anaesthesia.
McDonald 2000a	Assesses absorption of naltrexone during anaesthesia and consequent effectiveness of antagonist‐induced withdrawal. No treatment comparison.
McDonald 2001	Investigates EEG as means of evaluating opioid detoxification during anaesthesia. No treatment comparison.
Pereira 1999	Reports use of antagonist‐induced withdrawal during pregnancy. No treatment comparison.
Pfab 1999	Compares outcomes of antagonist‐induced withdrawal for cohorts withdrawing from methadone, heroin and codeine. No treatment comparison.
Pinto 2001	Follow‐up study of 45 opioid‐dependent patients treated with antagonist‐induced withdrawal under anaesthesia. No treatment comparison.
Presslich 1989a	Reports treatment of 15 opioid‐dependent patients with antagonist‐induced withdrawal. No treatment comparison. Insufficient detail of treatment outcomes.
Presslich 1989b	Reports treatment of 6 opioid‐dependent patients with antagonist‐induced withdrawal. No comparison treatment. Insufficient detail on outcomes.
Rabinowitz 2002	Follow‐up study of relapse following antagonist‐induced withdrawal and naltrexone maintenance or standard inpatient detoxification and counselling. Not controlled study. Post‐detoxification focus.
Saunders 2002	Randomised controlled trial of antagonist‐induced withdrawal, with or without sedation, or advice to commence methadone maintenance treatment, followed by naltrexone maintenance treatment. Conference abstract only. Insufficient outcome data.
Scherbaum 1998	Single group study assessing effectiveness and adverse effects of antagonist‐induced opioid withdrawal. No comparison treatment.
Teplin 2005	Reports withdrawal severity for opioid dependent patients in 24 hours after antagonist‐induced withdrawal under anaesthesia. No treatment comparison.
Tornay 2003	Follow‐up study of 16 opioid‐dependent participants treated with buprenorphine for 7 days prior to antagonist‐induced withdrawal. No comparison treatment.
Tretter 1998	Reports outcomes of antagonist‐induced withdrawal for 14 of 88 opioid‐dependent patients. Case series, not controlled study. No treatment comparison.
Zemtsovski 2005	Reports adverse effects during antagonist‐induced withdrawal under anaesthesia. No treatment comparison.
Zimmermann 2003	Reports method of antagonist‐induced withdrawal for opioid dependence. No treatment comparison.