McCauley 1983.

Methods	RCT; 'randomly assigned'.
Participants	17 patients with CLBP referred by local physicians, aged 17‐73 years, who had previous unsuccessful medical treatment and had no pending litigation regarding their LBP.
Interventions	Behavioural treatment (I): progressive muscle relaxation training (Bernstein & Borkovec) and differential relaxation; 50 min / week, 8 weeks (N = 8). Reference treatment (R): self‐hypnosis (Barber) and hypno‐analgesic techniques; 50 min / week, 8 weeks (N = 9).
Outcomes	Mean scores on pain (VAS) pre‐treatment, post‐treatment, and after 3 months (I) 56.9, 39.1, 35.9 vs (R) 63.1, 43.6, 42.2. No significant differences between groups on pain intensity or depression.
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Adequate sequence generation?	Unclear risk	'randomly assigned'
Allocation concealment?	Unclear risk	Unclear
Blinding? All outcomes ‐ patients?	High risk
Blinding? All outcomes ‐ providers?	High risk
Blinding? All outcomes ‐ outcome assessors?	High risk
Incomplete outcome data addressed? All outcomes ‐ drop‐outs?	High risk
Incomplete outcome data addressed? All outcomes ‐ ITT analysis?	High risk
Free of selective reporting?	Low risk
Similarity of baseline characteristics?	Low risk
Co‐interventions avoided or similar?	Unclear risk	Unclear from text
Compliance acceptable?	High risk
Timing outcome assessments similar?	Low risk