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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Mar 11.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Cell Biol. 2019 Sep 2;21(9):1060–1067. doi: 10.1038/s41556-019-0384-4

Fig. 3 |. The cell cycle during dissolution of pluripotency and cell differentiation.

Fig. 3 |

G1 phase may provide a window of opportunity for the dissolution of pluripotency, as during this phase many developmental genes contain permissive epigenetic marks (H3K4me3 and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine). Cyclin B1 actively prevents pluripotency exit. Increased expression of D cyclins in late G1 triggers the phosphorylation and cytoplasmic retention of Smad2/3, thereby inhibiting endodermal differentiation. In addition, D cyclins directly repress the expression of endodermal genes and augment the expression of neuroectodermal genes. Abbreviations: 5hmC: 5-hydroxymethylcytosine.