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. 2020 Mar 6;15:1517–1535. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S238709

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© 2020 Salem et al.

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Radiographic analysis of rat hind paw from different groups. (A) Normal control group and (B) DH - TENV gel group showed normal tissue with no signs of inflammation, bone enlargement or bone damage. (C) Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) arthritic group showed observable excess soft tissue volume, joint space, sub-chondral erosion, periostitis, osteolysis, subluxation, degenerative joint changes with signs of inflammation at the metatarsal-phalangeal joint and the regions in-between the bones of the phalanges and the metatarsals. (D) Rheumatoid arthritis group treated with methotrexate showed almost normal soft tissue with disappearance of inflammatory signs and no bone enlargement was observed. (E) Rats treated with DH - gel, (F) DH - TENV gel and (G) Oral DH exhibited significant and comparable inhibition of soft tissues swelling that surrounded the bones of the foot and bone enlargement.