Fig. 11.3.

Models of fluid flow shear stress-induced intracellular Ca²⁺ generation. (a) Fluid flow induces ciliary Ca²⁺ influx, which releases intracellular Ca²⁺ stores (Jin et al. 2014a; Yuan et al. 2015). (b) Ciliary Ca²⁺ influx induced by ciliary membrane rupture increases Ca²⁺ at ciliary base but does not release intracellular Ca²⁺ stores (Delling et al. 2013). (c) Bending of primary cilium induced by fluid flow causes strain at base of cilium, which induces Ca²⁺ influx via apical and basolateral membranes and, subsequently, release of intracellular Ca⁺² stores (Liu et al. 2003; Rydholm et al. 2010; Khayyeri et al. 2015)