Figure 3.

Inhibitory effect of nVNS on trigeminal nociception involves GABA_A. The average nocifensive head withdrawal response ±SEM of 5 applications to each side to mechanical stimuli are reported. Some animals were left untreated (Naïve), some were injected with complete Freund's adjuvant 8 days prior to exposure to a pungent extract from California Bay Laurel leaves (M+CBL) and nociceptive responses determined at 2 h, 3 h, and 1 day post CBL exposure. Some of the M+CBL animals were treated with Bicuculline and/or nVNS 2 h after CBL exposure and nociception measured 1 h and 1 day post treatment. *P < 0.05 when compared to Naïve while #P < 0.05 compared to M+CBL.