Table 1.

Advantages and disadvantages to use TCR-T or CAR-T based on neoantigens.

Adoptive cell therapy	Advantage	Disadvantage
TCR-T	1. Designed to detect intracellular antigens with a high mutation rate 2. Low affinity but high antigen sensitivity 3. Natural protein with low immunogenicity	1. MHC dependent antigen detection, with limited patient applicability 2. Mispairing with endogenous TCRs could cause non-specific efficacy 3. Dynamic variation of neoantigen landscape in different patients 4. Difficult to identify neoantigens in low mutation rate cancers
CAR-T	1. MHC independent antigen detection of soluble or cell surface antigens 2. High antigen affinity 3. Modular design enables precise control neoantigen response 4. Recognize not only proteins but also carbohydrates and glycolipids that arise during tumorigenesis	1. Limited neoantigen recognition 2. On-target CAR-T cell activation in the presence of soluble antigens 3. Ability to recognize cell-surface antigen may be blocked by the presence of competing soluble antigen 4. Unnatural protein may be immunogenic 5. The heterogeneity of tumor cells