Table 1.

Summary of potential iatrogenic causes for AHF

Pharmacotherapy	Withholding HF medications
	Delay in initiating HF medications
	Cardiotoxicity
	Adverse drug reactions
Fluid management	Excessive intravenous fluid Under-diuresis
	Transfusion-associated circulatory overload
	Dehydration
High-output HF	Arterio-venous fistula
	Anaemia
Pacemaker-related HF	Pacing-induced LV systolic dysfunction Pacemaker wire–related tricuspid regurgitation Pacemaker syndrome