Table 2.
General characteristics of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients (n = 296).
| Sociodemographic data | Male sex | 261 (88.1) |
| Age (years) | 68 ± 10 [66 to 69] (41-89) | |
| Younger group | 123 (41.5) | |
| Urban origin | 220 (74.3) | |
| Socioeconomic level | High or medium | 236 (79.7) |
| National health insurance coverage | Yes | 201 (67.9) |
| Comorbidity type | Arterial hypertension | 62 (20.9) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 51 (17.2) | |
| Coronaropathy | 37 (12.5) | |
| Heart rhythm disorder | 32 (10.8) | |
| Heart failure | 21 (7.0) | |
| Dyslipidemia | 13 (4.3) | |
| Arterial occlusion of the lower limbs | 8 (2.7) | |
| Brain stroke | 6 (2.0) | |
| Dysthyroidism | 3 (1.0) | |
| Comorbidity | Yes | 114 (38.5) |
| Smoking habits | Current or ex-smoker | 264 (89.1) |
| Biomass smoke | 35 (11.8) | |
| Mean smoking (pack-years) | 61 ± 31 [57 to 65] (5-190) | |
| Heavy smokers | 251 (84.7) | |
| COPD history | ||
| COPD duration | Years | 5 ± 5 [4 to 6] (0-40) |
| Duration < 5 years | 188 (63.5) | |
| Follow-up before the inclusion in the study | Pulmonologist | 193 (65.2) |
| No follow-up | 60 (20.2) | |
| General practitioner | 43 (14.5) | |
| Mean annual number of exacerbation | Number | 3 ± 1 [2 to 3] (0-10) |
| Frequent exacerbators | 154 (52.1) | |
| Mean number of hospitalizations for acute exacerbation | All live | 1.9 ± 1.9 [1.7 to 2.2] (0.0-15.0) |
| 1 year before the inclusion | 0.9 ± 1.0 [0.8 to 1.0] (0.0-13.0) | |
| Functional characteristics and GOLD groups | ||
| Postbronchodilator FEV1 | (%) | 46 ± 21 [44 to 48] (18-118) |
| Airflow limitation: GOLD | 1 | 27 (9.1) |
| 2 | 71 (23.9) | |
| 3 | 118 (39.8) | |
| 4 | 81 (27.3) | |
| GOLD groups | A | 21 (7.1) |
| B | 107 (36.1) | |
| C | 12 (4.1) | |
| D | 156 (52.7) | |
| Treatments | ||
| Pharmacological | SABA-ICS | 71 (23.9) |
| SABA-ICS-Theo | 49 (16.5) | |
| SABA-ICS-Theo-LABA | 43 (14.5) | |
| SABA-LABA-ICS | 31 (10.4) | |
| SABA-LABA-ICS-LAMA | 29 (9.7) | |
| SABA-LABA-LAMA | 28 (9.4) | |
| SABA | 24 (8.1) | |
| SABA-LABA | 15 (5.1) | |
| SABA-LAMA | 5 (1.6) | |
| SABA-LAMA-ICS-Theo | 1 (0.3) | |
| Observance of the pharmacological treatments | Yes | 251 (84.7) |
| Nonpharmacological | Smoking cessation among the 264 smokers | 147 (55.6) |
| Noninvasive ventilation | 45 (15.2) | |
| Long-term oxygen | 66 (22.2) | |
| Influenza vaccination | 57 (19.2) | |
| Pulmonary rehabilitation | 0 (0) | |
Quantitative data were expressed as mean ± SD [95% confidence interval] (min-max). Qualitative data were expressed as number (%). FEV1: forced expiratory volume in one second; ICS: inhaled corticosteroid; LABA: long-acting β2-agonist; LAMA: long-acting muscarinic antagonist; SABA: short-acting β2-agonist; Theo: theophylline.