Table 1.
Redox, stress, immune, and other proteins are involved in the adaptive response known as hormesis. Certain metabolites have also been implicated in hormesis.
| Animal Model | Stress | Mechanism | Literature | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
Common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) | Anoxia | Increases in CAT, total SOD, & GST | Hermes-Lima & Zenteno-Savín 2002 |
 |
Goldfish (Carassius auratus) | Anoxia | Increase in liver CAT activity | Lushchak et al. 2001 |
 |
Northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) | Anoxia | Increases in CAT & GPX activity | Hermes-Lima & Storey 1996 |
 |
Red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) | Anoxia | Increases in AHR, GR, & GSH-synthetase activity | Willmore & Storey 1997 |
 |
Caribbean fruit fly (Anastrepha suspensa) | Anoxia | Increases in SOD-Mn, & GPx activity. Decreases in LPO & PC | López-Martínez & Hahn 2012 |
 |
Cactus Moth (Cactoblastis cactorum) | Anoxia | Increase in antioxidant capacity. Decreases in LPO & PC | López-Martínez et al., 2014 |
 |
Nematode (C. elegans) | Arsenite | Upregulation of mitochondrial proteins, including SKN-1 & DAF-16. | Schmeisser et al. 2013 |
 |
McCoy mouse cells (Mus musculus) | Cadmium | Upregulation in HSP70 & metallothionein | Damelin et al. 2000 |
 |
Vinegar Fly (Drosophila melanogaster) | Crowding | No effect on expression of SOD but increase in CAT. Upregulation of HSP70, dTOR, dFOXO, InR, & dSir2. | Youn et al. 2018 |
 |
Antarctic midge (Belgica Antarctica) | Dehydration | Upregulation of SOD, CAT, Mtn, & smHSPs. Increases in concentration of glycerol & trehalose. | Michaud et al. 2008, Benoit et al. 2009b, López-Martínez et al 2009. |
 |
Cichlid fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) | Hyper gravity | Increase in protein matrix deposition | Anken et al. 2001 |
 |
Vinegar Fly (Drosophila melanogaster) | Hypergravity | Decreases in SOD & CAT activity | Le Bourg & Fournier 2004 |
 |
Multiple plant species | Ionizing radiation (gamma) | Oxidative stress reduction, increased enzymatic activity,& increased nucleic acid & protein synthesis. | Brito et al. 2018 |
 |
Vinegar Fly (Drosophila melanogaster) | Ionizing radiation (gamma) | Upregulation of foxo, tefu, Cyp6a20, CG13323, Fer3, Hsp70Aa, & per, p53, Brca2, Hus1-like, spn-B mei-9, RAD54, mus309, & wrinkled (DNA repair), Clk, DJNK, hpo, Sod, GstE3, CG9360, & Cyp4e2, & PCNA. Upregulation of DNA repair, HSPs, antioxidant defense, & apoptosis genes. Upregulation of homeostasis, metabolism, DNA repair, immunity genes in the Toll pathway & fungal infection genes. |
Zhikrevetskaya et al. 2015 Moskalev et al. 2006, 2009. Seong et al. 2011 Seong et al. 2012 |
 |
Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus) | Ionizing radiation (X-rays) | Decrease in LPO, & increased activity of CAT & GST. | Sharma et al. 2019 |
 |
Copepods (Tigriopus californicus) | Ionizing radiation (ultraviolet) | Upregulation of GST, Mn-SOD, GR, GPX, & HSPs. | Heine et al. 2019 |
 |
Flesh Fly (Sarcophaga crassipalpis) | Temperature (RCH) | Increase in glycerol, glucose, sorbitol, pyruvate, alanine, trehalose & glutamate levels. Protein upregulation of smHSPs & ATP synthase. Increase in oleic acid (membrane restructuring). | Chen et al. 1998, Overgaard et al. 2007, Michaud & Denlinger 2006, 2007, Li & Denlinger 2008 |
 |
Bed Bug (Cimex lectularius) | Temperature & Dehydration | Upregulation of HSP70 & HSP90 | Benoit et al. 2009 |
Abbreviations: RCH = rapid cold hardening, SOD = Superoxide dismutase, MN-SOD = manganese-SOD, CAT = catalase, GST = glutathione S transferase, GSH = reduced glutathione, GPx = glutathione peroxidase, GR = glutathione reductase, TG = total glutathione, Mtn = Metallothionein, HSP = heat shock protein, HSF = heat shock factor, LPO = lipid peroxidation, PC = protein carbonyls.