Figure 2.

Sequential treatment of OCT-4 and BMP4 enhances in vitro osteogenic differentiation. (a) mRNA expression levels of osteogenic markers, CBFA1, ALP, and COLI were measured by real-time PCR and osteocalcin protein expression levels were shown through immunocytochemistry after 1 week of osteogenic differentiation. (b) mRNA expression levels of osteogenic markers, CBFA1, ALP, and COLI were measured by real-time PCR, osteocalcin protein expression levels were shown through immunocytochemistry, and calcification of cells were represented with ARS staining after 2 weeks of osteogenic differentiation. HUVECs treated or not treated with either OCT-4 or BMP4 are represented with − or + sign.

Error bars show standard deviation on the mean for n = 3: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. Scale bar = 100 μm.