Table 3.

Risk factors associated with the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in subjects with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes stratified by diabetes duration

	Whole sample		Stratified by duration of diabetes
			<1–2 years	3–5 years
	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Age at diabetes diagnosis (per 5 years)	0.93 (0.88 to 0.99) *	0.93 (0.85 to 1.00)	0.89 (0.82 to 0.98) *	1.00 (0.86 to 1.16)
Sex (men)	1.81 (1.34 to 2.44) ***	1.81 (1.33 to 2.46) ***	1.80 (1.18 to 2.73) **	1.83 (1.14 to 2.95) *
Duration of diabetes (per year)	1.27 (1.16 to 1.40) ***	1.20 (1.10 to 1.32) ***	–	–
Duration of diabetes (years)
<1	Reference	–	–	–
1–2	1.01 (0.67 to 1.52)	–	–	–
3–5	2.24 (1.58 to 3.18) ***	–	–	–
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	1.15 (1.09 to 1.21) ***	–	–	–
HbA1c (%)
<7	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
7.0–8.9	2.17 (1.33 to 3.53)**	2.19 (1.43 to 3.35)***	1.86 (1.11 to 3.12)*	3.37 (1.52 to 7.50)**
≥9	3.07 (2.13 to 4.42)***	2.98 (2.01 to 4.42)***	1.94 (1.18 to 3.19)**	6.22 (2.96 to 13.09)***
Hypertension	1.59 (1.18 to 2.14)**	–	–	–
SBP (per 5 mm Hg)	1.14 (1.09 to 1.19) ***	1.16 (1.10 to 1.22) ***	1.13 (1.06 to 1.21) ***	1.21 (1.11 to 1.32) ***
DPB (per 5 mm Hg)	1.28 (1.16 to 1.40) ***	–
Triglycerides≥1.68 mmol/L	1.25 (0.91 to 1.71)	–	–	–
Albuminuria	2.11 (1.47 to 3.02) ***	–	–	–
Antihypertensive drugs	1.08 (0.77 to 1.52)	0.95 (0.64 to 1.41)	1.03 (0.60 to 1.77)	0.85 (0.47 to 1.55)
Statin use	1.21 (0.70 to 2.11)	–	–	–

Simple and multiple robust logistic regression analysis was used to estimate ORs and their 95% CIs.

Whole sample, n=1232; subsample with diabetes duration of <1–2 years, n=823; and subsample with a diabetes duration from 3 to 5 years, n=409. Missing values: albuminuria, 29.

*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.

DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; SBP, systolic blood pressure.