Table 3.
Associations between sleep in early childhood and BITSEA internalising, dysregulation and externalising problems at 24 months
| Internalising symptoms | Dysregulation symptoms | Externalising symptoms | |||||||
| β | P value | 95% CI for B | β | P value | 95% CI for B | β | P value | 95% CI for B | |
| 3 months | |||||||||
| Total sleep | −0.08 | 0.041 | −0.13 to 0.00 | −0.07 | 0.051 | −0.19 to 0.00 | −0.02 | 0.647 | −0.11 to 0.07 |
| Sleep-onset latency | 0.06 | 0.090 | −0.01 to 0.16 | 0.15 | < 0.001 | 0.10 to 0.29 | 0.01 | 0.830 | −0.08 to 0.10 |
| Number of night waking | 0.13 | 0.001 | 0.06 to 0.23 | 0.13 | < 0.001 | 0.12 to 0.38 | 0.10 | 0.006 | 0.05 to 0.29 |
| Proportion daytime sleep | 0.03 | 0.535 | −0.01 to 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.488 | −0.01 to 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.699 | −0.02 to 0.03 |
| Bedtime | −0.04 | 0.345 | −0.16 to 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.950 | −0.17 to 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.246 | −0.06 to 0.25 |
| Child’s age at 24 months | 0.01 | 0.873 | 0.00 to 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.255 | 0.00 to 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.993 | 0.00 to 0.00 |
| Sex | −0.09 | 0.010 | −0.49 to − 0.07 | −0.04 | 0.250 | −0.52 to 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.000 | 0.27 to 0.88 |
| Maternal age during pregnancy | −0.08 | 0.041 | −0.05 to 0.00 | −0.09 | 0.011 | −0.09 to − 0.01 | −0.05 | 0.202 | −0.06 to 0.01 |
| Maternal education | 0.01 | 0.835 | −0.17 to 0.21 | 0.02 | 0.633 | −0.23 to 0.37 | −0.04 | 0.301 | −0.43 to 0.13 |
| Maternal health | −0.01 | 0.818 | −0.29 to 0.23 | 0.04 | 0.308 | −0.19 to 0.61 | 0.02 | 0.635 | −0.29 to 0.47 |
| Gestational age | −0.01 | 0.748 | −0.10 to 0.07 | −0.01 | 0.683 | −0.16 to 0.10 | −0.03 | 0.477 | −0.16 to 0.08 |
| 8 months | |||||||||
| Total sleep | −0.10 | 0.037 | −0.23 to − 0.01 | −0.17 | < 0.001 | −0.52 to − 0.17 | −0.03 | 0.456 | −0.23 to 0.11 |
| Sleep-onset latency | 0.07 | 0.061 | 0.00 to 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.006 | 0.06 to 0.34 | 0.07 | 0.067 | −0.01 to 0.27 |
| Number of night waking | 0.07 | 0.049 | 0.00 to 0.15 | 0.17 | < 0.001 | 0.17 to 0.41 | 0.02 | 0.534 | −0.08 to 0.15 |
| Proportion daytime sleep | 0.03 | 0.575 | −0.02 to 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.331 | −0.02 to 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.851 | −0.03 to 0.04 |
| Bedtime | −0.07 | 0.142 | −0.28 to 0.04 | −0.13 | 0.006 | −0.60 to − 0.10 | −0.04 | 0.398 | −0.34 to 0.14 |
| Child’s age at 24 months | −0.02 | 0.640 | 0.00 to 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.321 | 0.00 to 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.624 | −0.00 to 0.00 |
| Sex | −0.05 | 0.181 | −0.35 to 0.07 | −0.03 | 0.382 | −0.48 to 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.000 | 0.37 to 1.00 |
| Maternal age during pregnancy | −0.07 | 0.051 | −0.05 to 0.00 | −0.11 | 0.004 | −0.10 to − 0.02 | −0.06 | 0.114 | −0.07 to 0.01 |
| Maternal education | 0.01 | 0.744 | −0.16 to 0.23 | 0.02 | 0.639 | −0.23 to 0.38 | 0.00 | 0.991 | −0.29 to 0.29 |
| Maternal health | −0.04 | 0.258 | −0.40 to 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.309 | −0.19 to 0.60 | 0.02 | 0.597 | −0.28 to 0.48 |
| Gestational age | −0.02 | 0.603 | −0.10 to 0.06 | −0.01 | 0.678 | −0.16 to 0.10 | −0.04 | 0.283 | −0.19 to 0.06 |
| 18 months | |||||||||
| Total sleep | −0.01 | 0.862 | −0.14 to 0.12 | −0.11 | 0.004 | −0.50 to − 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.346 | −0.10 to 0.30 |
| Sleep-onset latency | 0.07 | 0.073 | −0.01 to 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.002 | 0.09 to 0.38 | 0.07 | 0.09 | −0.02 to 0.26 |
| Number of night waking | 0.08 | 0.019 | 0.02 to 0.20 | 0.25 | < 0.001 | 0.36 to 0.64 | 0.07 | 0.057 | 0.00 to 0.26 |
| Proportion daytime sleep | 0.04 | 0.385 | −0.01 to 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.057 | 0.00 to 0.08 | −0.01 | 0.730 | −0.05 to 0.03 |
| Bedtime | 0.01 | 0.776 | −0.15 to 0.20 | −0.07 | 0.102 | −0.50 to 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.866 | −0.24 to 0.29 |
| Child’s age at 24 months | 0.00 | 0.945 | 0.00 to 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.545 | 0.00 to 0.01 | −0.03 | 0.453 | −0.01 to 0.00 |
| Sex | −0.09 | 0.007 | −0.48 to − 0.08 | −0.01 | 0.702 | −0.37 to 0.25 | 0.133 | 0.000 | 0.28 to 0.89 |
| Maternal age during pregnancy | −0.11 | 0.002 | −0.06 to − 0.01 | −0.12 | 0.001 | −0.11 to − 0.03 | −0.062 | 0.086 | −0.07 to 0.01 |
| Maternal education | 0.01 | 0.678 | −0.15 to 0.23 | 0.03 | 0.339 | −0.15 to 0.42 | −0.009 | 0.810 | −0.31 to 0.24 |
| Maternal health | −0.02 | 0.635 | −0.30 to 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.791 | −0.32 to 0.42 | 0.003 | 0.927 | −0.35 to 0.38 |
| Gestational age | −0.02 | 0.553 | −0.10 to 0.06 | −0.02 | 0.498 | −0.17 to 0.08 | −0.010 | 0.767 | −0.14 to 0.10 |
| 24 months | |||||||||
| Total sleep | −0.03 | 0.535 | −0.19 to 0.10 | −0.12 | 0.002 | −0.54 to − 0.12 | −0.06 | 0.191 | −0.37 to 0.07 |
| Sleep-onset latency | 0.06 | 0.084 | −0.01 to 0.14 | 0.22 | < 0.001 | 0.25 to 0.45 | 0.10 | 0.007 | 0.04 to 0.25 |
| Number of night waking | 0.11 | 0.002 | 0.06 to 0.27 | 0.39 | < 0.001 | 0.83 to 1.12 | 0.07 | 0.047 | −0.01 to 0.31 |
| Proportion daytime sleep | 0.09 | 0.037 | 0.00 to 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.039 | 0.00 to 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.336 | −0.02 to 0.06 |
| Bedtime | 0.01 | 0.912 | −0.18 to 0.21 | −0.07 | 0.066 | −0.53 to 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.983 | −0.29 to 0.29 |
| Child’s age at 24 months | −0.01 | 0.784 | 0.00 to 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.739 | 0.00 to 0.00 | −0.04 | 0.229 | −0.01 to 0.00 |
| Sex | −0.07 | 0.043 | −0.39 to − 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.931 | −0.29 to 0.26 | 0.14 | 0.000 | 0.34 to 0.92 |
| Maternal age during pregnancy | −0.13 | 0.000 | −0.07 to − 0.02 | −0.11 | 0.000 | −0.10 to − 0.03 | −0.05 | 0.129 | −0.06 to 0.01 |
| Maternal education | 0.03 | 0.450 | −0.11 to 0.24 | 0.02 | 0.526 | −0.17 to 0.33 | −0.02 | 0.627 | −0.33 to 0.12 |
| Maternal health | −0.01 | 0.692 | −0.28 to 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.760 | −0.28 to 0.38 | 0.02 | 0.583 | −0.25 to 0.45 |
| Gestational age | −0.01 | 0.866 | −0.08 to 0.07 | −0.03 | 0.306 | −0.17 to 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.968 | −0.12 to 0.11 |
Covariates: child’s age at 24 months, sex, maternal age, maternal education, maternal health and gestational age.